This poses a grave threat to the countrys economy that has already lost trillions of Franc CFA. International Journal on World Peace, 36 (1), pp. Source: adapted from the ICG (2019). The Southern Cameroons Liberation Council is under the auspices of the self-declared Ambazonia Interim Government. They are therefore in a prime position to keep pressure on both the government and the separatist groups to engage in a genuine conversation and reform to a system of governance that is inclusive. Accessed 18 Nov 2019, Konings P, Nyamnjoh F (1997) The anglophone problem in Cameroon. French and British colonial legacies in education: Evidence from the partition of Cameroon. The government of Cameroon must also commit to undertake key institutional reforms in governance. 2015. This is a timeline of the Anglophone Crisis in Cameroon during 2023. Human Rights Watch 2020. Takougang, Joseph 2003. A decade after the creation of Cameroon, economic and political squabbles emerged between the federal government of West Cameroon and the national government. The central government instead of adopting and emphasising diplomacy as the path to resolving the crisis, has often opted to apply force to crackdown protestors (Pommerolle and Heungoup 2017:532). Reclaiming the Bakassi Kingdom: The Anglophone CameroonNigeria border. Resolving the Anglophone conflict in a sustainable manner will first and foremost require building trust between secessionists, government, and federalists and all the parties expressing a genuine desire to communicate through talking and listening. Accessed 23 Nov 2019, Ludovica D (2016) Tensions rise in Cameroon as teachers demand respect for Anglo-Saxon heritage. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41018-022-00114-1, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41018-022-00114-1. On this basis, we conclude that the Anglophone crisis is arguably an acute complex emergency. In 2018, clashes continued to escalate in the region after the arrest and forceful repatriation back to Cameroon of 47 Anglophone activists including the interim President of the Republic of Ambazonia and members of his Cabinet who had sought asylum from the government of Nigeria. As a strategy, this was meant to prepare and galvanise the masses through sensitisation campaigns for action in pursuit of either secession or federalism. This research has revealed the following ramifications of the Anglophone crisis: armed conflict between several secessionist militia groups and government security forces resulting to thousands of fatalities, massive population displacement leading to internally displaced persons and refugees, and violence, insecurity, and human rights violations. Secondly, other studies (Stevenson 1999; Fonchingong 2013) also highlight ethnonationalism as a framework for understanding the Anglophone conflict. Global Responses to Cameroon's Anglophone Crisis: The Inadequate The Clash of the Titans: Augustine Ngom Jua, Solomon Tandeng Muna, and the politics of transition in post-colonial Anglophone Cameroon, 1961-1972.Doctoral dissertation, Howard University. While terming this a cultural division of labour, Hechter argues that a state can be directly involved through formulation of discriminatory policies and this influences groups to develop group consciousness about collective oppression either as political dominance or economic marginalisation, which is then perceived as unjust and illegitimate. The phrase, complex emergency, is popular in the humanitarian community and used arbitrarily to describe diverse types and scales of instabilities. Many are frightened to continue working normally and have been seeking to leave the country. Accessed 24 Sept 2019. Considering that Cameroons disaster framework is struggling to manage contemporary emergencies/disasters in the country (Bang et al. Government security forces have been accused of using excessive force, extrajudicial killings, torture, and ill-treatment of suspected separatists and detainees. Takougang, Joseph 2019. They have been kidnapped and threatened (Human Rights Watch 2020). As a sign of good faith, Anglophone political activists who have been jailed should also be released. The government responded harshly by imprisoning the protest leaders and its security forces launched a violent crackdown on protesters. However, in 1972, French Cameroon assumed executive control over the entire region, including the British sector. Timeline of the Anglophone Crisis (2023) - Wikipedia According to Hechter (1972: xiv), internal colonialism denotes the structural social, cultural, and political inequalities between different geographical regions in a particular state. Cameroons Employers Association estimated that the formal economy of the region had lost around 6434 jobs by July 2018 and a further 8000 jobs were at risk. Available from: [Accessed 10 May 2020]. This Conference marked the beginning of a new approach to the struggle for secession or federalism. In addition, that would cause more population displacement, threaten infrastructural development, and aggravate response to the Anglophone crisis and COVID-19, thereby creating a higher level of emergency. Government security forces are accused of raiding schools, religious premises, and hospitals hosting internally displaced persons and indiscriminately killing civilians and burning houses/markets in separatist strongholds. Springer Nature. Conflict over language such as in education, communication in public spaces, access to state services, and even claim to citizenship, are increasingly becoming prominent. Inevitably, more suffering, destitution, and poverty will ensure. Due to rising frustrations in Anglophone Cameroon, the first opposition party the Social Democratic Front (SDF) emerged in 1990 and advocated for liberal political reforms (Krieger 2008:36). Developing countries are the most disproportionately affected. The Anglophone crisis is characterised by human rights violations. This article draws on publicly available reporting to provide an overview of internal and external efforts to address the crisis in the Anglophone regions of Cameroon, explain the challenges undermining peace, and outline recommendations for an effective response to the conflict. Nationalism, democratisation and political opportunism in Cameroon. Mt. But concentration of decision-making authority in the centre also poses practical problems that are evident to many Cameroonians . This was promoted by various groups especially in the 1990s and appeared to be a period of re-enlightenment in the Anglophone territory. PDF The Anglophone Problem in Cameroon: Focus on Education Humanitarian assistance in review: West Africa | Fiscal Year (FY) 2008 2017. https://reliefweb.int/report/world/humanitarian-assistance-review-west-africa-fiscal-year-fy-2008-2017. HB conceived, designed, and structured the article; acquired and analysed the data; conceptualised the Complex Emergency paradigm; and wrote the initial drafts. The OCHA (2020) estimated that only 46% of the population in the conflict-ridden Anglophone regions have access to information required for the prevention of COVID-19. Africa south of the Sahara 2004. Second, contingency planning for effective crisis communication is a critical consideration especially in Buea where strategic/critical institutions essential to DM are located. Krieger, Milton 2008. THE ANGLOPHONE PROBLEM IN CAMEROON: POLITICAL REPRESENTATION AND - Lu 415. The 2000 eruption was considered a continuation of the 1999 eruption. https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/10/11/world-heritage-site-attacked-cameroon. In Ethiopian leaders new cabinet, half the ministers are women. 2003). Princeton. This approach is based on the premise that volcanic systems have characteristic eruption recurrences and active volcanoes with high eruption frequencies can be more easily forecast than those with lower eruption frequencies (Scandone et al. The Kamerun National Democratic Party argued thatwe have been with Nigeria for forty years under British administration. The Minister of Territorial Administration accused Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, OCHA, and the International Crisis Group of colluding with anti-government forces and trying to destabilise state institutions. Kenya witnessed a complex emergency between 2007 and 2008 as a result of post-electoral violence in Nairobi, resulting in 45,000 to 100,000 refugees. Road contractors have been attacked and threatened and their equipment vandalised/destroyed causing many to stop/abandon projects. Michigan. Despite these efforts and casualties suffered by the militias, they still control vast rural areas and main roads in the conflict region. PDF The Anglophone Problem in Cameroon - Cambridge University Press This article also seeks to raise consciousness about the challenges involved in operating at the interface between a complex emergency and potential natural hazard-induced disaster. The Interim Government of the Republic of AmbazoniaFootnote 13, the Ambazonia Governing Council, and some political activists in the diaspora are using the militia forces and secessionist groups to control huge areas in the restive region (Fig. Risk maps of probability of lava flow inundation (A), human settlements (B), vent location impact on human settlements (C), and vent location impact on roads (D) on Mt. Bull Volcanol 65:267281. Homegrown violent extremism. Inside the virtual Ambazonia: Separatism, hate speech, disinformation and diaspora in the Cameroonian Anglophone crisis. Militia groups have not only attacked government and civilians defying their orders, but also members of political groups supporting federalism. The crisis in Cameroon can still be resolved peacefully Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Bradford, Bradford. It is also imperative that both the separatists and federalists engage in internal reconciliation so that they may develop a unity of purpose and a common stance towards potential solutions for the Anglophone grievances before engaging with the government in negotiations. Cameroon's Anglophone Crisis at the Crossroads | Crisis Group This unilateral decision was in contravention of the Foumban conference. The International Institute for Strategic Studies 2020, Ethiopias factional politics. Consequently, the crisis has been exacerbating poverty and hardship in the region. The current armed conflict in Anglophone Cameroon is now in its sixth year, with devastating effects for Anglophone citizens. Likewise, Cunningham (1998:2) emphasises that ethnonational identity is fundamental in conflicts because it influences the formation of in-groups and out-groups. Princeton University Press. Nelde, Peter 2000. For the international humanitarian community also, strategic contingency plans that articulate a stronger coordination, collaboration, crisis communication, and increased accountability with other stakeholders would be needed. This has implications for implementing infection prevention/control measures disseminated to the public. 3) where dozens of villagers have almost been emptied of their population (UNOCHA 2018; UNHCR 2019; GRID 2019). As such, most of the Anglophones feel that they are grossly underrepresented in government. A key outcome of this article is the imminent eruption of Mt. Bamenda. Therefore, sustained and strong advocacy would also be relevant to create an enabling climate to provide life-saving assistance in accordance with humanitarian principles and international humanitarian law (UNOCHA 2018). The government created a commission for the promotion of bilingualism and multiculturalism and a national disarmament, demobilisation, and reintegration committee with Anglophones at their helm. Accessed 24 Oct 2019, Kindzeka E (2019) Cameroons second largest employer crippled by separatist conflict. Cameroon Crisis Response Plan 2021 - 2022 - ReliefWeb In response, most educational institutions have been abandoned, keeping over 780,000 children out of school. 2). Accessed 19 Sep 2019, HRW (2018) These killings can be stopped: abuses by government and separatist groups in Cameroons Anglophone regions. The Anglophones have always complained that ever since the union in 1961, the Francophones dominate the state executive, the legislature, and the judiciary including key institutions and government ministries. Bull Volcanol 72(2):18. Effective emergency response has necessitated collaboration and cooperation, albeit with challenges, between national governments, international organisations, non-governmental organisations, and the civil society to address the problems created by humanitarian crisis and complex emergencies (Streamlau 1998). Dissertations and Theses. By December 2018, violence between militia groups and the government had resulted in the displacement of approximately 550 000 people from Anglophone regions. Achankeng, Fonkem 2015. Since the Anglophone crisis is occurring against a backdrop of other humanitarian emergencies, there is additional pressure on the humanitarian stakeholders to deal with the multiple conflicts. The most probable type of complex emergency is the acute complex emergency since this has the highest score (36) compared to the other types of complex emergencies. Frameworks for disaster management and humanitarian systems have been lopsided in their focus on responding to particular types of crisis/emergencies (Buchanan-Smith and Christoplos 2004) without much thought on the nexus between complex emergencies and major rapid-onset natural hazards/disasters. The terrified population has respected orders to boycott schools and violate administrative orders. Tamir, Yael 2019. The Anglophone problem in Cameroon- The change from crisis to conflict, and a possible way forward to resolution September 2021 African Journal on Conflict Resolution Authors: Billy Agwanda. In 2021, the discussion we should be having is about reparations and apologies for centuries of wrongdoing. Between 2000 and 2015, a series of events increased the fragility of the situation, leading from a crisis to a more direct conflict from 2016. More pressure from the domestic and the international community on democratisation influenced Biya to declare multiparty politics and an increased degree of human rights and freedoms through the enactment of the Law of Association in 1990 (Law No. An analysis of the interface between political instabilities and natural hazards/disasters in Afghanistan, South Sudan, Colombia, and India revealed how conflicts/political instability aggravated the impact and reduced the coping measures and local resilience capacities to the natural hazards/disasters (Buchanan-Smith and Christoplos 2004). After having had the Anglo-Saxon model in their primary and secondary schools, they would have a language drawback in a higher education that uses the French language and model. Such plans should be pretested between internal and external stakeholders so that all parties can have a common situational awareness in terms of the likely operational environment of a CDE. In 1995, SCNC sought intervention of the UN to mediate between secessionist groups and the government and warned that failure would only lead to a sovereignty crisis (Lansford 2019:251). Actors in the AC include the Government, military, security forces, civil society leaders, civilians, several armed groups and their sponsors in the diaspora, secessionists/federalist/unionist opinion groups, and political activist etcetera.
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