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Gunshots in front of public buildings forced civilians to flee. In the context of the Anglophone crisis, changes in the international system influenced preference for diplomatic domestic discourse in pursuing the Anglophone agenda. [28] Several demonstrations were violently dispersed by security forces, leading to clashes between demonstrators and police in which several people were killed. On June 8, eight people were summarily executed by Cameroonian soldiers in Ekona. Anglophone Cameroon: From crisis to chaos DW 10/01/2021 On August 14, separatist militias announced that region-wide lockdowns would be enforced on September 26 and 9-13, covering the first two weeks of the academic year. On May 2, a document signed by Ayuk Tabe declared that the Sako-led interim cabinet had been dissolved, and that his own pre-arrest cabinet had been restored. This is a timeline of the Anglophone Crisis during 2019. In early 1916, the last Germans surrendered or withdrew from Cameroon into neutral Spanish Guinea. On August 7, six people were killed in Njenefor, Nkwen, including a mother and her two children who were summarily executed outside their home by Cameroonian soldiers. SCACUF unilaterally declared the region's independence as Ambazonia on October 1, the anniversary of Southern Cameroons' independence from the United Kingdom. [41] The belief in marginalization developed over the course of several decades, causing sporadic protests and opposition which were suppressed by Ahmadou Ahidjo's and Paul Biya's governments. CHRDA Report on the Extrajudicial Killing of Unarmed Civilians and Arson in EKONA, the South West Region of Cameroon. Cameroon goes to the polls. The Germans, who had established substantial trading centers to the southeast on the Wouri River delta (modern Douala), and the British, who had extensive interests to the west in Nigeria, both raced to sign agreements with local rulers. But Nilong said the lockdown was needed to send a message to the government. On July 4, Cameroonian soldiers killed a nurse and wounded her 15-year-old sister inside their house in Bamenda. It is frustrating.". On January 19, unidentified gunmen set a truck on fire in Nkwen, Bamenda. The Social Democratic Front (SDF), the largest opposition party, has its stronghold in Anglophone regions and has advocated a return to federalism, which the government rejects. An estimated 160,000 people have been dis-placed within Cameroon, and over 21,000 Cameroonians have fled to neighboring Nigeria as refugees. On October 21, separatists were reported to have attacked the convoy of Governor Adolphe Lele Lafrique in Kumbo. Projects were shelved even after petrol produced enough money for building them and the Limbe sea port. WebThe Anglophone crisis started in October 2016 as a culmination of the cultural differences between the minority Anglophone Cameroonians and the majority Francophone Cameroonians. [42], After the civil war began, moderate Anglophone activists lost influence, furthering the radicalization of the separatists. Fighting has intensified one month after Cameroon's government called a National Dialogue to try to end the bloody secessionist crisis in the Anglophone regions. [14] In July 1961, the Southern Cameroons and the French Cameroon Republic delegations met in Foumban, a town in French Cameroon near the border with Southern Cameroons. While one of the priests was released the same day, the other one was held until August 10 and allegedly subjected to torture. Since 2017, fighting between separatist insurgents and the military has disrupted the education of over 700,000 children in Cameroons two Anglophone regions. Anglophone crisis WebOne of Africas newest struggles for liberation: Cameroons Anglophone crisis, which emerged from legal and education grievances in 2016, rapidly escalated into a secessionist political conflict that is threatening the unity of the country, with potential to degenerate into a complex emergency. On December 12, armed separatists abducted the mayor of Bamenda II. On October 17, Ambazonian general Ekeom Polycarp, who had publicly laid down his weapons three days prior, was killed in his home in Wum. Anglophone crisis These missions were deployed in the North-West and South-West regions, to the Western Chancelleries and the Cameroonian Diaspora; Introduction T he Nkafu Policy Institute, a think-thank of Denis and Lenora Foretia Foundation, Simbock, Yaound, Cameroon, hosted a webinar on January 26, 2021 on the theme: Can the Anglophone Crisis be Solved Through a State-Centric Approach? CRISIS On October 4, the Major National Dialogue was concluded. On October 24, separatist fighters attacked a convoy that was transporting the Senior Divisional Officer of. On February 4, separatists declared a 10-day lockdown, telling people all across the Anglophone regions to stay at home from February 514. Au sein du petit peuple anglophone, ces discriminations gnralement minimises quand on aborde le problme anglophone, sont centrales. Anglophone Crisis In total, between August 24 and August 25, a total of at least 40 people were killed in Bafut, Bamenda, Ndop, Kumbo, Mamfe and Kumba. The crisis, which has seen the Anglophone regions of Southern Cameroon seek independence from the rest of the majority-Francophone country, has seen large scale violence between the two sides since 2017. The document expressed appreciation of the job the Sako-led cabinet had done since February 2018, but stressed that infighting had rendered it unfit to continue; On May 4, Cameroonian soldiers killed two civilians in Wowo village, On May 6, a video emerged online where three women had been tortured by separatist fighters in Bamenda, apparently for taking part in. "The government and separatists are playing with the lives of the local population they claim to protect," Nfor Nkfu, an Fighting is spreading between security forces and On May 28, 11 Ambazonian leaders declared that they were ready to negotiate with a third-party mediator. While separatists claimed that someone had poisoned him, sources at the hospital claimed that it was likely a cardiac arrest. Anglophone Crisis Anglophone crisis could force CDC On December 28, seven civilians died during a Cameroonian raid in Donga-Mantung. Timeline of the Anglophone Crisis (2020) - Wikipedia President Ahmadou Ahidjo used the continuing war and the vagueness of many provisions of the Constitution, to consolidate power. On December 15, the residence of SDF party chairman. the Conflict in Anglophone Cameroon an Ethnonational These individual women and their foils in civil society have been mustering and campaigning for the end of the Anglophone crisis. This settlement which was later named Victoria (now Limbe, Cameroon) after the then Queen Victoria. On January 22, the head of a decapitated security guard was displayed on a stick in the Kosala neighborhood of Kumba. E.M.L. This article draws on publicly available reporting to provide an overview of internal and external efforts to address the crisis in the Anglophone regions of Cameroon, We encourage all parties to participate in this inclusive negotiation process to bring peace to #Cameroon". In 1919, Germany signed the Treaty of Versailles, formally surrendered its colonies to the Allies. On October 8, ten separatist fighters from a camp in Bakassi reportedly surrendered to the Governor of Ndian Division. In 2021, more than 700,000 children are deprived of education in the north-west and south-west regions.". ANGLOPHONE CRISIS AND INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT IN BUEA-CAMEROON In Meme Division, three civilians were killed during clashes between separatists and Cameroonian soldiers. "By and large we didn't foresee violence.". No one claimed responsibility for the attack. On August 9, the traditional ruler of Ntumbaw. Timeline of the Anglophone Crisis (2022) - Wikipedia On August 4, separatist fighters ambushed and killed a soldier and his civilian driver in Penda Mboko. 994th Plenary meeting. WebThe agitations of the Anglo-Saxons plunged the nation into a crisis known as the Anglophone crisis. Separatists alleged that French soldiers were fighting alongside the Cameroonian Army in Manyu, Lebialem and other areas. On May 31, two human heads were discovered in Meluf, On June 3, dozens of ethnic Fulani reportedly attacked residents of Wum town, Naikom, leaving at least one, On June 5, fighting between separatists and government soldiers left three people dead in Ndekwai and another three in. Since 2016, the North-West and South-West Regions (the English-speaking regions of Cameroon) have been undergoing acts of violence known as Cameroons Anglophone crisis. The crisis is characterized by a violent social rebellion affecting education and society in the country (Egoh, 2020). In the last 20 months, the conflict in the Anglophone regions of Cameroon has left 1,850 dead, 530,000 internally displaced and tens of thousands of refugees. I am most of the time summoned to meetings by radio without any courtesy of my consultation on the agenda. Keywords Arms, Trafficking, Anglophone, Crisis, Poverty 1. La crise a nourri des perceptions rciproques ngatives entre anglophones et francophones. Anglophone crisis By October 18, separatists had opened nine "community schools" across the Anglophone regions, providing an alternative to the government-run schools which they had boycotted for years. Civil War in Cameroon Is Escalating - Foreign Policy WebThis study considers the ongoing Cameroon Anglophone Crisis, which started with the lawyers and teachers strikes in 2016, as a prime factor which predisposes youth to be exposed to media violence. Between January 1827, separatists killed six soldiers. On February 17, the Cameroonian military burned down at least 30 houses in Kumbo. Between May 1527, two soldiers, 17 separatist fighters and three civilians were killed throughout Northwest Region. On May 30, unidentified armed men attacked the Upkwa village in. Aggression is defined by psychologists as any behaviour that is intended to harm another person. On April 8, at least four people were killed by Cameroonian soldiers in Fuh. Last year, his proposal for a novel won a Morland Scholarship, affording him 18,000 to develop a story of four friends in an a cappella choir, whose lives are upended by the Anglophone Crisis, the wave of violencealso known as the Ambazonian Conflictthat has swept Cameroons English-speaking regions for over four years now. Anglophone By Hippolyte Eric Djounguep, May 24, 2020. Peacebuilding through Education: The Case of Cameroons On February 18, gunmen attacked the Assistant Secretary General of President, On February 19, at least six plantation workers had their fingers chopped up by unidentified gunmen in. From his experiences on the ground, the history teacher Tum said thegovernment had tried to restore calm in the Anglophone regions, but called the efforts insufficient. On August 29, separatist fighters invaded Ndop to enforce a lockdown. Cameroon's Anglophone crisis - fuelled by student rejects and poor On January 11, government soldiers ambushed and killed at least 21 separatist fighters in Mbot. WebThe Anglophone regions have been rocked by a growing human rights crisis, as government forces conduct abusive counterinsurgency campaigns against armed separatists. "The government and separatists are playing with the lives of the local population they claim to protect," Nfor Nkfu, an Anglophone taxi driver, told DW. Anglophone Crisis They are identified as "Foncha-man" and put aside. Beginning in October 2016, this war is continuing to take a severe toll on Cameroons civilians. [39] For instance, human rights advocate Kah Walla pointed out that the entrance exam of Caneroon's cole Nationale dAdministration et de Magistrature was only in French until 2017, with most Anglophone applicants being eliminated. The conflict, known as the Anglophone crisis, began in October 2016 in the predominantly English-speaking Southwest and Northwest regions and now pits an array of armed separatist groups against the Cameroonian government and security forces. The conflict is rooted in the colonisation of Cameroon by both the French and British On October 9, unidentified gunmen abducted two students and their father in Southwest Region. There were reports of gunshots in, On July 30, the ten detained members of the. Anglophone Crisis Between September 1219, government soldiers killed at least a dozen people in Muntengene and Munyenge. While women have been victims in the Anglophone crisis, they have however exercised agency. Although the Anglophone Crisis is oft ignored by the international community, it threatens the stability of the entire state of Cameroon and thus must form (and has formed) a key part of these discussions. On June 23, a video emerged online where armed men in. Webto engage on a debate on whether the crisis in the North West and South West regions of Cameroon commonly known as the Anglophone Crisis can be easily resolved through a state-centric approach. Between September 17, government soldiers killed at least four separatist fighters in Kumba. Deputy Defense Chief Ndong said the separatists were even looking abroad to draw more international attention to their cause. Between October 2226, six civilians and an unknown number of separatist fighters were killed in raids by the Cameroonian military. On November 19, a woman was buried alive after days of captivity in Kosala, Kumba. On January 4, separatists killed two soldiers and wounded two more in Fundong, seizing their weapons. [7] Despite calls by Southern Cameroons leaders for full independence as a separation nation, United Nations' resolutions 1350 (XIII) of March 13, 1959 and 1352 (XIV) of October 16, 1959 called for plebiscites in Southern Cameroons and Northern Cameroons with two alternatives for ending the trusteeship: joining Nigeria or joining Cameroon. The violent conflict between the Cameroonian authorities and the separatists of the two English-speaking regions since October 2016 is steadily worsening. [40][41] One activist, Balla Nkongho, pointed out that the Cameroonian government's decision to outlaw local Anglophone civil groups, arrest activists, and cut off the internet in the affected regions in 2017 allowed radical exiles to rise in prominence. Placing the blame for Cameroon's underdevelopment and poorly implemented public policies on the federal structure and arguing that managing separate governments in a poor country was too expensive, he announced a referendum on a new constitution, which did away with the federal structure in favor of a unitary state and granted more power to the President. Anglophone unrest adds to a broader context of domestic and Women have undertaken measures to cope and resist against the backdrop of AnglophoneFrancophone tensions in Cameroon, a country that is currently embroiled in political crisis, escalating human rights abuses, and on the brink of civil war because of separatist conflict. Because of the so-called Anglophone crisis, some of CDCs facilities have been burned down and its employees were assaulted by separatist militants. In. Women, Peace and Security Cameroon heads to the polls on Sunday with eight candidates looking to unseat 85-year-old President Paul Biya. It began with the provoked harassment of Anglophone lawyers engaged in peaceful protest marches in September 2016 to vent their grievances over the perceived marginalisation of the A civilian was killed after being caught in the crossfire, and at least two civilians were abducted by the gunmen. Anglophone Crisis - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia On November 30, an aid worker employed by. On September 24, government soldiers plundered the palace of the, On September 25, a pro-separatist Muslim scholar from Bamenda was detained in. Anglophone Crisis On May 16, there were clashes in Buea. Iam one of those who believes dialogue should never stop.". On November 8, suspected separatists captured, tortured and killed a soldier in. Canada's Minister of Foreign Affairs, Mlanie Joly, announced a peace process aimed at resolving the ongoing war in the North-West and South-West regions of Cameroon. Relatives of the officer offered the abductors 500,000, On July 21, a gendarme officer was killed in a separatist attack on a control post in. Media Framing of Secessionist Politics in the Anglophone crisis [22] In February 1984, Biya changed the official name of the country from the United Republic of Cameroon the name adopted after unification with the Southern Cameroons back to the Republic of Cameroon. The declaration was ignored by the Congressional delegation and the Cameroonian government, as well as by separatist fighters. WebThe Anglophone Crisis, an ongoing civil war between the Cameroonian state and Anglophone separatists who are trying to establish a new state called "Ambazonia", broke On July 2, the Vice President of the Interim Government of Ambazonia declared a 24-hour unilateral ceasefire, effective from midnight, to allow a United States Congressional delegation to safely visit the Anglophone regions. THE ANGLOPHONE CRISIS EXPLAINED. By Simon | by [25] At a second All Anglophone Conference held in Bamenda the call for the Cameroon government to accept a return to the two state federation was reiterated with some voices explicitly calling for secession. Anglophone Crisis. On July 15, Anglophone magistrate Justice Chi Valentine Bumah was abducted by unidentified, French-speaking gunmen. On November 9, one student was killed and another 12 were abducted from the University of Bamenda by unidentified gunmen. On May 13, a military helicopter carrying security officials and local administrators crashed in, On May 14, an informal discussion was held at the UN Security Council. By 1914, the Germans had established control either directly or through local leaders well into the hinterlands of the territory now claimed by Ambazonia, conquering communities such as Nkambe and establishing a garrison fort at Bamenda in 1912. As a response, government forces raided a separatist camp in Wum two days later, killing at least six separatists. [31] Although the government established a Commission to focus on Anglophone grievances and took steps to address issues of language equity in courts and schools, continued distrust and harsh responses to protests prevented significant deescalation. ", "Cameroon: how language plunged a country into deadly conflict with no end in sight", "Anglophone Cameroon: From crisis to chaos", "Cameroon: Crisis grinds on due to anglophone divisions, Yaound's unwillingness to negotiate", "Current Insights into the Evolution of Cameroon English: The Contribution of the 'Anglophone Problem', https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Origins_of_the_Anglophone_Crisis&oldid=1147411668, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0, This page was last edited on 30 March 2023, at 19:52. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Broken state-society relations have led to a weak civil society that struggles to define itself or coexist with the dominant ruling party and insignificant opposition parties. II, at 194 (HRC 2005)", "The All Anglophone Conference (April 23, 1993)", "Cameroon teachers, lawyers strike in battle for English", "Cameroon restores internet to English-speaking region", "A Turn for the Worse: Violence and Human Rights Violations in Anglophone Cameroon", "Southern Cameroons gets new government with Sessekou Ayuk Tabe as Interim President", "Cameroon government 'declares war' on secessionist rebels", "Cameroon's English-speakers call for independence", "Biya declares war on Anglophone separatists The SUN Newspaper, Cameroon", "Cameroon escalates military crackdown on Anglophone separatists", Cameroon's Anglophone crisis: Red Dragons and Tigers the rebels fighting for independence, "Who are Cameroon's self-named Ambazonia secessionists? The Anglophone Crisis in Cameroon - The Borgen Project Violence by both sides undermined negotiations in early 2017, which fell apart without an agreement. 2This paper focuses on the cultural politics of expertise as a way of analyzing the hybrid cultural boundaries of expertise and puts forward the example of the Anglophone crisis in Cameroon. Many separatist leaders have shunned the talks. Cameroonian government forces and rival anglophone separatists have stepped up arrests, abductions, and deadly attacks in the two months leading up to Sundays parliamentary and municipal elections, causing a devastating fallout for civilians that looks set to Political exclusion, economic exploitation and cultural assimilation were criticized more and more openly. Managing this and other crises has been very challenging to Cameroons disaster management frameworks (Bang et al. This was the case when for instance, Anglophone leaders petitioned the UN in 1995 to seek redress on the issue of independence. The. Prime Minister Joseph Ngute, who was supposed to visit Kumba, was forced to stay in his hotel room in Buea as government soldiers battled the separatists. Political actors in Cameroon are driving up ethnic tension at a time of national crisis marked by the conflict in the Anglophone regions, deteriorating security elsewhere and a COVID-19 crisis that is throwing ever more of the countrys youth out of work. On June 7, heavy fighting broke out in Esu. Germany continued to consolidate its control over the coast through agreements with local leaders backed up by military expeditions. On November 21, two people were killed in a Cameroonian raid in Menchum. On March 16, a police officer was burned alive by suspected separatists in Bamenda. Anglophone He also warns that separatists should not feel as though they are immune to justice. Cameroon is concurrently fighting an internal war commonly known as the Anglophone Crisis. Cameroon's Anglophone region remains in the grip of a seemingly never-ending crisis, even in the midst of the coronavirus pandemic. Anglophone Cameroons New Literary Generation Comes of Age Anglophone Crisis in Cameroon was Decades in the Making WebThe Anglophone Crisis (French: Crise anglophone), also known as the Ambazonia War, or the Cameroonian Civil War, is an ongoing armed conflict in the Northwest and Southwest Webdiscuss recent developments in the crisis in anglophone Cameroon. At some point in mid-December, there were clashes between separatists and ethnic Fulani in Bua Bua and Kimbi. [8] Two reports by British economists, the Phillipson Report in 1959 and the Berrill Report in 1960 both concluded that Southern Cameroons would not be able to continue to finance development and growth as an independent state. On July 17, Barrister Sang George Nang, one of the lawyers to the ten detained members of the, On July 18, armed men abducted a manager of the, On July 19, an army officer was abducted from his home in Bamenda by gunmen. The focus of this article is geared at examining how Cameroonian criminal law is responding to threats committed on major social media networks. 11 - As of 30 September 2019, Cameroon: Armed men kidnap journalist after attack on Buea community radio, Security member killed in Cameroon's troubled Anglophone region, Cameroon: Suspected separatists kill man in restive North West region, Cameroon: Kumba choking under Govt, Ambazonia lockdowns, Cameroon: Separatists abduct four bike riders in restive South West region, Cameroon: Paul Biya convenes national dialogue to solve Anglophone crisis, Cameroon:Paul Biya wants actions against Ambazonia diaspora leaders, Biyas dialogue for Cameroon crisis runs into questions, rejection, Official, journalist abducted in Cameroon's restive Anglophone region, Armed separatist commander among two killed in Cameroons troubled Anglophone region, Cameroon:Outrage after summary execution, burial of woman by suspected Ambazonia fighters, Cameroon's security forces repel separatists' attack on gov't officials, Cameroon: Pro-Ambazonia muslim scholar released after weeks in detention, Cameroon: Wardress beheaded in restive NW Region, Key separatist commander killed in Cameroon's troubled region, Cameroon Separatists Celebrate 'Independence' as Dialogue is Held, Cameroon Separatist Fighter Names Himself 'King' of Southwest District, Cameroon: Catholic Education Secretary Kidnapped in Bamenda, Cameroon: Paul Biya orders discontinuance of case against 333 detainees of Anglophone crisis, Cameroon: Final resolutions expected as Major National Dialogue wraps up today, 6 separatists killed in Cameroons Anglophone region, https://www.cameroon-tribune.cm/article.html/28382/en.html/south-west-ten-fresh-separatist-fighters, Two students and father abducted in Cameroons troubled Anglophone region, Cameroon: Gunmen kidnap three students in restive North West region, Cameroon: Lebialem traditional rulers disown Ambazonia warlord Field Marshal, Cameroon: Ambazonia General drop weapons in restive North West region, Four kidnapped, 11 injured in Cameroon separatist attack, Cameroon: Kidnapped student freed after weeks in captivity in restive NW region, Cameroon: Army frees two students from Amba captivity in NW region, Key separatist commander killed after dropping weapons in Cameroon's troubled Anglophone region, Cameroon: Armed men kill two members of vigilant group in Bamenda, Cameroon Separatists Open 'Community Schools', Cameroon: Police Officer beheaded in Bamenda, Cameroon: Nigerian priest kidnapped in restive SW region, Cameroon: Kidnapped Nigerian priest released, Cameroon: Two wounded in Amba fighters attack on NW Governors convoy, Cameroon: Govt debunks claims of attack on NW Governors convoy, Cameroon: Ambazonia fighters attack convoy of Meme SDO, Cameroon: Health centre set ablaze by unidentified individuals in Buea, Cameroon: UBa student hit by stray bullet in gun battle in restive NW region, Armed separatists killed in Cameroon's troubled Anglophone zone, Cameroon: Armed men attack school in Buea, Cameroon: Notorious Ambazonia fighter killed in Kumba, Cameroon: Soldier killed in Muyuka by suspected Ambazonia separatist fighters, Cameroon: University of Bamenda student killed, 12 others kidnapped by armed men, One student killed, 8 abducted in Cameroon's restive Anglophone region, Cameroon: Decamped Ambazonia General pictured in Yaounde, Ambazonia Fighters Kill Gendarme In Widikum, Cameroon: Four unidentified men arrested over murder of soldier in SW region, Cameroon: Govt dispatches post dialogue missions to Anglophone regions, Cameroon: Body of young girl exhumed in restive South West region, Situation dans le Nord-Ouest: recrudescence des violences ce 27 Novembre, 10 separatists killed, 3 hostages freed in Cameroons restive Anglophone region, Cameroun: Un militaire tu par des sparatistes anglophones dans le Nord-Ouest, Cameroon: Armed men kidnap six students of University of Bamenda, REDHAC Condemns Killing Of UN Aid Worker, Blames Govt For Escalation Of Violence, Cameroon passenger plane attacked during landing in restive Anglophone region, Attack On Camair-Co Passenger Plane Shows Nothing Is Under Control, Cameroon: Rise in killings in Anglophone regions ahead of parliamentary elections, 2 mayors, 19 municipal councillors kidnapped in Anglophone region, Kidnapped Cameroonian mayors, municipal councillors released, Cameroon: Massive population displacement, North West: Flash update (20 December 2019), 3 soldiers killed in ambush on army patrol in Cameroon's troubled Anglophone region, Cameroon: At least one killed, three others injured in Mamfe gun battle, Cameroon: Suspected Ambazonia fighters burn down Mbah Ndams house, Cameroon: One soldier killed, three others injured in Muyuka, Cameroon: Residence of SDF mayor in restive North West region set ablaze, Cameroon Separatists Kidnap Candidates to Protest Election, Cameroon: 20 Ambazonia fighters drop weapons in Kumba, 3 civilians killed in attack on military escort in Cameroon, Cameroon grants special status to Anglophone regions, Cameroon: Another soldier beheaded in NW Region, Cameroon: Christmas rocked by gun battles in Anglophone Regions, Cameroon: Anglophone Journalist detained over alleged collaboration with Ambazonia fighters, Cameroon: Ngoketunjia Division - Villagers Vent Anger On Fighters, Seize Weapons, Cameroon Receives First Returning Asylum-Seekers, Ex-Separatists from Nigeria, Cameroon: Suspected Amba fighters abduct, kill popular business man in NW region, Paul Biyas 2019 end of year message to Cameroonians, Cameroon:Ambazonia leader delivers end of year message, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Anglophone_Crisis_(2019)&oldid=1161604531, Timelines of military conflicts since 1945, Short description with empty Wikidata description, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0.