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[20][23] Muhammad rewarded Khalid by bestowing on him the honorary title Sayf Allah ('the Sword of God'). Ali instead compensated his army from the treasury of Basra. [162] Khalid routed a Byzantine force led by a certain Minas in the outskirts of Qinnasrin. As a result of decisive victories led by Khalid against the Byzantines at Ajnadayn (634), Fahl (634 or 635), Damascus (634635), and the Yarmouk (636), the Rashidun army conquered most of the Levant. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. [134] The agreement stipulated that governor's residence and the mosque and the treasury should remain under the governor's control, while the rebels were free to reside where they chose. [23] Some traditions indeed show Aisha as remorseful and that she wished not to have lived to witness the battle. [153] In another version of this account, Ali adds that Zubayr was a good man, who made mistakes. The battle was fought in a valley north of Mount Uhud near Medina on Saturday, 23 March 625 AD (7 Shawwal, 3 AH), [11] [12] "[99] He asserts it is "certain" Khalid embarked on the march, "a memorable feat of military endurance", and "his arrival in Syria was an important ingredient of the success of Muslim arms there". The Battle of Trench is known by many other names, including the Battle of Khandaq, the Battle of Ditch, The Battle of Ahzab, and the Battle of the Confederates. [50] In the view of the modern historian Ella Landau-Tasseron, "the truth behind Malik's career and death will remain buried under a heap of conflicting traditions". [54][141] The treatment of Aisha is viewed by Shah-Kazemi as an example of Ali's magnanimity. 'Helpers'), the natives of Medina who hosted Muhammad after his emigration from Mecca, attempted to elect their own leader. [181], Khalid is credited by the early sources for being the most effective commander of the conquests, including after his dismissal from the supreme command. [43] When Tulayha appeared close to defeat, the Fazara section of the Ghatafan under their chief Uyayna ibn Hisn deserted the field, compelling Tulayha to flee for Syria. [162][54] Apparently al-Ahnaf ibn Qays, a pro-Ali chief of the Banu Sa'd, who had remained on the sidelines of the battle, learned about the desertion. [2] He belonged to the Banu Makhzum, a leading clan of the Quraysh tribe and Mecca's pre-Islamic aristocracy. [124] Veccia Vaglieri suggests that the triumvirate of Talha, Zubayr, and Aisha had opposed Uthman with plans for "moderate" changes after him which did not materialize under Ali. [100] As his men did not possess sufficient waterskins to traverse this distance with their horses and camels, Khalid had some twenty of his camels increase their typical water intake and sealed their mouths to prevent the camels from eating and consequently spoiling the water in their stomachs; each day of the march, he had a number of the camels slaughtered so his men could drink the water stored in the camels' stomachs. [111][90], The Umayyads fled Medina after the assassination of Uthman,[59] notable among them his secretary, Marwan. Chapter 8: Period of Youth | The Message | Al-Islam.org [118] Ali was also vocal about the divine and exclusive right of Muhammad's kin to succeed him,[119][120] which similarly jeopardized the future ambitions of other Qurayshites for leadership. [64] Mahmoud M. Ayoub (d.2021) notes the often pro-Umayyad stance of the Western classical orientalists, with the exception of Madelung. [52] After Muhammad died, support for Musaylima surged in the Yamama,[53] whose strategic value lay not only with its abundance of wheat fields and date palms, but also its location connecting Medina to the regions of Bahrayn and Oman in eastern Arabia. Battle of Badr | History, Significance, & Facts | Britannica Battle In Which Holy Prophet(PBUH) Not Participated Is Known As [96], Shortly before the assassination of Uthman, Aisha had called for the death of the caliph,[58][104] as reported by al-Baladhuri. [38][b] Khalid was Abu Bakr's third nominee to lead the campaign after his first two choices, Zayd ibn al-Khattab and Abu Hudhayfa ibn Utba, refused the assignment. [103] Based on these accounts, Donner summarizes three possible routes taken by Khalid to the vicinity of Damascus: two via Palmyra from the north and the one via Dumat al-Jandal from the south. Date of the Battle. Nusaybah gained a reputation as the most distinguished woman who took part in the Battle of Uhud. Read more Battle in which Holy . [96], The historians Michael Jan de Goeje and Caetani dismiss altogether that Khalid led an expedition to Dumat al-Jandal following his Iraqi campaign and that the city mentioned in the traditional sources was likely the town by the same name near al-Hira. [81] These two men and some other supporters of Ali were implicated by Mu'awiya in the assassination of Uthman. Main Menu; by School; . [152], Athamina doubts all the aforementioned reasons, arguing the cause "must have been vital" at a time when large parts of Syria remained under Byzantine control and Heraclius had not abandoned the province. During his lifetime, Prophet had predicted that Ali would have to fight with three groups, Nakesin, Qasetin and Mareqin. [99] Indeed, some of the Umayyads later left the campaign as it became clear for them that Talha and Zubayr were eying the caliphate upon victory. Conquest of Mecca - Wikipedia Among those who remained with the rebels were Marwan and Uthman's sons, namely, Aban and Walid. [141] He followed up with a nighttime operation in which he seized the Ruqqad bridge, the only viable withdrawal route for the Byzantines. [54] Possibly in a last-ditch effort to avoid war, early sources widely report that the caliph ordered one of his men to raise a copy of the Quran between the battle lines and appeal to its contents. Khalid accepted and ordered the drafting of a capitulation agreement. there. [117] Afterward, Khalid and the commanders of the earlier Muslim armies, except for Amr, assembled at Bosra southeast of Damascus. What are the purposes of wars that Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) fought? [89] Crone views the traditional reports as part of a general theme in the largely Iraq-based, Abbasid-era (post-750) sources to diminish the early Muslims' focus on Syria in favor of Iraq. [59][109] This removal of Ali was likely their primary goal, rather than vengeance for Uthman,[109][114][79][115] against whom Talha, Zubayr,[19][54] and Aisha[54] had been active earlier. [26] According to the historian W. Montgomery Watt, the traditional account about the Jadhima incident "is hardly more than a circumstantial denigration of Khlid, and yields little solid historical fact". [30], As their grievances mounted, discontented groups from provinces began arriving in Medina in 35/656. "[128][130] She was, however, dissuaded from any change of plans. [167][159] Ali later ordered Aisha's half-brother, Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, to escort her back to Mecca[171][53] or Medina. [3] The Makhzum are credited for introducing Meccan commerce to foreign markets,[4] particularly Yemen and Abyssinia (Ethiopia),[3] and developed a reputation among the Quraysh for their intellect, nobility and wealth. A. Sayee B. Sariyya C. Jaziya D. Al-Fay [25] Khalid commanded the Bedouin Banu Sulaym in the Muslims' vanguard at the Battle of Hunayn later that year. [124] He was prompted by the approach of a large Byzantine army dispatched by Heraclius,[124] consisting of imperial troops led by Vahan and Theodore Trithyrius and frontier troops, including Christian Arab light cavalry led by the Ghassanid phylarch Jabala ibn al-Ayham and Armenian auxiliaries led by a certain Georgius (called Jaraja by the Arabs). [2] After Muhammad emigrated from Mecca to Medina in 622, the Makhzum under Abu Jahl commanded the war against him until they were routed at the Battle of Badr in 624. Its defenders were backed by their nomadic allies from the Byzantine-confederate tribes, the Ghassanids, Tanukhids, Salihids, Bahra and Banu Kalb. [31] Madelung sides with this judgement of Ali from a judicial point of view, saying that Uthman probably did not sanction the murder of Niyar ibn Iyad Aslami, which triggered the deadly raid on his residence, but he obstructed justice by preventing an investigation into the murder, fearing that his aide Marwan was behind it. Ditch dug on border of Syria with help of 3000 [110] By the time Khalid had left Iraq, the Muslim armies in Syria had already fought a number of skirmishes with local Byzantine garrisons and dominated the southern Syrian countryside, but did not control any urban centers. [135] The Muslims then assaulted the Byzantines' camps on 20 August and massacred most of the Byzantine troops,[135] or induced panic in Byzantine ranks, causing thousands to die in the Yarmouk's ravines in an attempt to make a westward retreat. [31] These may have believed that the caliphate was their right after Uthman, suggests Madelung. [2] In that engagement Khalid led a nomadic contingent called muhajirat al-arab ('the Bedouin emigrants'). [41][17] Beyond this, historians disagree about his measures to protect the third caliph. [1] Alternatively, Hugh N. Kennedy writes that Ali had brought a large following from Kufa whereas the rebels' support in Basra was modest. Military career of Muhammad - Wikipedia [18], Khalid participated in the expedition to Mu'ta in modern-day Jordan ordered by Muhammad in September 629. Battle of the Camel - Wikipedia Khalid subsequently moved against the largely Christian Arab tribes and the Sasanian Persian garrisons of the Euphrates valley in Iraq. In the "Sacrilegious wars", when Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) was 20 years of age, Quraish and their allies were lead by _____. [62] Hossein Nasr and Asma Afsaruddin,[53] Levi della Vida,[43] and Julius Wellhausen (d.1918) believe that Ali remained neutral,[63] while Caetani labels Ali as the chief culprit in the murder of Uthman, even though the evidence suggests otherwise. [101][97][19] Ibn Abi Shayba (d.849) writes that Talha told some in Basra that he pledged to Ali with a sword over his head in a walled garden. [157] The fighting was thus particularly fierce around Aisha's camel. [134] The rebels then asked Basrans to surrender those who had participated in Uthman's siege and some six hundred men were thus killed by the rebels. The caliph refused and claimed he was unaware of the letter,[41] for which Marwan is often blamed in the early sources. [72], From Ubulla's vicinity, Khalid marched up the western bank of the Euphrates where he clashed with the small Sasanian garrisons who guarded the Iraqi frontier from nomadic incursions. [90] When the news of his death reached Ali, he commented that Zubayr had many times fought valiantly in front of Muhammad but that he had come to an evil end. [183] During his 17th-century visit to the mausoleum, the Muslim scholar Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi agreed that Khalid was buried there but also noted an alternative Islamic tradition that the grave belonged to Mu'awiya's grandson Khalid ibn Yazid. [41] Athamina notes hints in the traditional sources that Khalid initiated the campaign unilaterally, implying that the return of the Muhajirun in Khalid's ranks to Medina following Musaylima's defeat likely represented their protest of Khalid's ambitions in Iraq. [7] It is also likely that some companions supported the protests with the hope of either deposing Uthman,[19] or changing his policies,[30] thus underestimating the severity of the opposition to Uthman. A. [143] There are reports, including some by al-Baladhuri and al-Tabari,[90] to the effect that Ali reminded Zubayr of Muhammad's prediction that Zubayr would one day unjustly fight Ali. After Medina's entreaties to the leading confederates, the Ghassanids, were rebuffed, relations were established with the Kalb, Judham and Lakhm. [144], Before the battle, Ali ordered that the wounded or captured enemies should not be killed. [10] He advanced through the Wadi Qanat valley west of Uhud until being checked by Muslim archers south of the valley at Mount Ruma. [95] At the same time, that the majority favored Ali in Medina might have created an intimidating atmosphere for those opposed to him. [29], After Muhammad's death in June 632, one of his early and close companions, Abu Bakr, became caliph (leader of the Muslim community). [180] Kennedy notes that "his reputation as a great general has lasted through the generations and streets are named after him all over the Arab world". [19] In the version of Ibn Ishaq, Khalid had persuaded the Jadhima tribesmen to disarm and embrace Islam, which he followed up by executing a number of the tribesmen in revenge for the Jadhima's slaying of his uncle Fakih ibn al-Mughira dating to before Khalid's conversion to Islam. 616618. We did not leave until our thirst was quenched. [21] The Muslim detachment was routed by a Byzantine force consisting mostly of Arab tribesmen led by the Byzantine commander Theodore and several high-ranking Muslim commanders were slain. In particular, he negotiated and guaranteed on behalf of Uthman the promises that persuaded the rebels to return home and ended the first siege. [163] Some of his men then followed and killed Zubayr,[153][54] either to gratify Ali, or more likely for his dishonorable act of leaving other Muslims behind in a civil war he had ignited,[162] as suggested by al-Ya'qubi, Ayoub, and Madelung. [11] Shaban credits Khalid's "military genius" for the Quraysh's victory at Uhud, the only engagement in which the tribe defeated Muhammad. One of the operations was against Dumat al-Jandal and the other against the Namir and Taghlib tribes present along the western banks of the upper Euphrates valley as far as the Balikh tributary and the Jabal al-Bishri mountains northeast of Palmyra. A Short History of Makkah Madina Chapter 2: Arabia Before Islam General Morals of the Arabs Were the Pre-Islamic Arabs Civilized? Caetani cast doubt about the aforementioned traditions, while the orientalist Henri Lammens substituted Abu Ubayda with Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan. [46] The latter faced divisions within his army regarding this campaign, with the Ansar initially staying behind, citing instructions by Abu Bakr not to campaign further until receiving a direct order by the caliph. [57], After his victories against the Bedouin of Najd, Khalid headed to the Yamama with warnings of the Hanifa's military prowess and instructions by Abu Bakr to act severely toward the tribe should he be victorious. [156] Khalid's initial force of 500800 men had swelled to as high as 10,000 as a result of tribesmen joining his army's ranks from the Iraqi front or Arabia and as high as 30,00040,000 factoring in their families. [90], Ali had set off in pursuit earlier with about seven hundred men but failed to intercept the rebels in time. Khalid continued service as the key lieutenant of his successor Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah in the sieges of Homs and Aleppo and the Battle of Qinnasrin, all in 637638. [140] The area spanned high hilltops, water sources, critical routes connecting Damascus to the Galilee and historic pastures of the Ghassanids. 1. [39] The caliph soon retracted his statement, however, possibly because his secretary Marwan convinced him that repentance would only embolden the opposition. [180] Muslim tradition since then has placed Khalid's tomb in the city. 24 April 634,[107][116] a rare precise date cited by most traditional sources, which Donner deems to be likely correct. [116] The Byzantines may not have reestablished an imperial garrison in the city in the aftermath of the Sasanian withdrawal in 628 and the Muslim armies encountered token resistance during their siege. [111], Khalid was appointed supreme commander of the Muslim armies in Syria. [140] For over a month, the Muslims held the strategic high ground between Adhri'at (modern Daraa) and their camp near Dayr Ayyub and bested the Byzantines in a skirmish outside Jabiya on 23 July 636. Amina bt. [18] Khalid is considered a war hero by Sunni Muslims, while many Shia Muslims view him as a war criminal for his execution of Malik ibn Nuwayra and immediate marriage of his widow, in contravention of the traditional Islamic bereavement period. The study of wars in which The Holy Prophet participated - McqsPlanet [86][87], When Uthman was killed in 656 CE by the Egyptian rebels,[42] the potential candidates for caliphate were Ali and Talha. [78] After Khalid departed, he left al-Muthanna in practical control of al-Hira and its vicinity. [102] The second PalmyraDamascus itinerary is a relatively direct route between al-Hira and Palmyra via Ayn al-Tamr. [66][67] While he did not condone the assassination,[68] Ali probably held Uthman responsible through his injustice for the protests which led to his death,[66][69] a view for which Ismail Poonawala cites Waq'at Siffin. [122] For the Shia Tabatabai, the equal distribution of the treasury funds among Muslims by Ali antagonized Talha and Zubayr,[107] while Hassan Abbas suggests that the two jumped ship when Ali began to reverse the excessive entitlements of the ruling elite during the caliphate of Uthman,[123] under whom Talha and Zubayr had amassed considerable wealth. During the Battle of Mu'ta, Khalid coordinated the safe withdrawal of Muslim troops against the Byzantines. [84] Unlike Syria, Iraq had not been the focus of Muhammad's or the early Muslims' ambitions, nor did the Quraysh maintain trading interests in the region dating to the pre-Islamic period as they had in Syria. [160] Marwan soon after joined the court of Mu'awiya. [3] [149] De Goeje dismisses Khalid's extravagant grants to the tribal nobility, a common practice among the early Muslim leaders including Muhammad, as a cause for his sacking. The Battle of Hunayn - Muslim Girl Khalid ibn al-Walid - Wikipedia They remained in the possession of Ayyub's descendants until at least the late 9th century. [61], Khalid's terms with the Hanifa entailed the tribe's conversion to Islam and the surrender of their arms and armor and stockpiles of gold and silver. [126] As his forces entered from the east, Muslim forces led by Abu Ubayda had entered peacefully from the western Bab al-Jabiya gate after negotiations with Damascene notables led by Mansur ibn Sarjun, a high-ranking city official. [66] The historian Fred Donner holds that the Muhajirun and the Ansar still formed the core of his army, along with a large proportion of nomadic Arabs likely from the Muzayna, Tayy, Tamim, Asad and Ghatafan tribes. [146] The details of the negotiations are not reliable for Madelung but he does conclude that the talks broke the resolve of Zubayr, who might have realized his small chances for the caliphate and perhaps the immorality of his bloody rebellion. [121] In place of Ali, the opposition wished to restore the caliphate of Quraysh on the principles laid by Abu Bakr (r.632634) and Umar (r. In the view of Leone Caetani and Bernard Lewis, the opposing tribes who had established ties with Medina regarded their religious and fiscal obligations as being a personal contract with Muhammad; their attempts to negotiate different terms after his death were rejected by Abu Bakr, who proceeded to launch the campaigns against them. [16] The historian Akram Diya Umari holds that Khalid and Amr embraced Islam and relocated to Medina following the Treaty of Hudaybiyya, apparently after the Quraysh dropped demands for the extradition of newer Muslim converts to Mecca. Toggle Opposition to Ali in Mecca subsection, A similar version is quoted by Madelung, in which "the most uncaring mother we know" is replaced by "the best mother we know. [93], The chronological sequence of events after Khalid's operations in Ayn al-Tamr is inconsistent and confused. [147] In Gil's view, Khalid's withdrawal before the army of Heraclius, the evacuation of Damascus and the counter-movement on the Yarmouk tributaries "are evidence of his excellent organising ability and his skill at manoeuvring on the battlefield". [172] Following her defeat, John Cappucci writes that Aisha acknowledged the caliphate of Ali. [106] This last group cites that Aisha gave speeches in Mecca and wrote letters to rally support against Ali. Zoroastrianism, named after its prophet Zoroaster, taught that the world was being fought over by two great powers: a god of goodness, honesty, and benevolence known as Ahura Mazda (meaning "Lord Wisdom") and an evil spirit, Ahriman. [19], The starting point of Khalid's general march to Syria was al-Hira, according to most of the traditional accounts, with the exception of al-Baladhuri, who places it at Ayn al-Tamr. [129] Although several versions of Khalid's treaty were recorded in the early Muslim and Christian sources,[c] they generally concur that the inhabitants' lives, properties and churches were to be safeguarded, in return for their payment of the jizya (poll tax). In Uhad number of Muslim soldiers 1000 kufar 3000. [73] Afterward, he plundered the surrounding market villages frequented by tribesmen from the Bakr and Quda'a confederations, before moving against Ayn al-Tamr, an oasis town west of the Euphrates and about 90 kilometers (56mi) south of Anbar. [184] While recognizing his military achievements, the early Islamic sources present a mixed assessment of Khalid due to his early confrontation with Muhammad at Uhud, his reputation for brutal or disproportionate actions against Arab tribesmen during the Ridda wars and his military fame which disturbed the pious early converts. [31] On their first attempt,[32] the Egyptian opposition sought the advice of Ali, who urged them to send a delegation to negotiate with Uthman, unlike Talha and Ammar ibn Yasir, who might have encouraged the Egyptians to advance on the town. [73] The Namir were led by Hilal ibn Aqqa, a Christian chieftain allied with the Sasanians, who Khalid had crucified after defeating him. Sariyaas. [124] The most popular narrative is preserved by the Damascus-based Ibn Asakir (d. 1175), according to whom Khalid and his men breached the Bab Sharqi gate. The Battle of Badr: Story, Significance, Key Facts, And Hadiths - Zamzam [71], Al-Hira's capture was the most significant gain of Khalid's campaign. [137] Khalid consequently withdrew, taking up position north of the Yarmouk River,[139] close to where the Ruqqad meets the Yarmouk. [83] In Kennedy's view, Khalid's push toward the desert frontier of Iraq was "a natural continuation of his work" subduing the tribes of northeastern Arabia and in line with Medina's policy to bring all nomadic Arab tribes under its authority. [94] It is unclear which engagement occurred first, though both were Muslim efforts to bring the mostly nomadic Arab tribes of north Arabia and the Syrian steppe under Medina's control. [78] Closely associated with Ali was Malik al-Ashtar, a leader of the qurra,[9][79] who had led the Kufan delegation against Uthman,[80] even though they heeded Ali's call for nonviolence,[34] and did not participate in the siege of Uthman's residence. [118][119], Khalid and the Muslim commanders headed west to Palestine to join Amr as the latter's subordinates in the Battle of Ajnadayn, the first major confrontation with the Byzantines, in July. [14] Kennedy similarly highlights the strategic disadvantages of Medina, saying that it was far from population centers of Iraq and Syria, and heavily depended on grain shipments from Egypt. [42], Khalid bested the AsadGhatafan forces in battle. [106] When she learned about the accession of Ali on her way back to Medina, she immediately returned to Mecca and publicly blamed the assassination on him,[7][58] saying that a mere fingertip of Uthman was better than the whole of Ali. 'Quran readers'). [198], Starting in the Ayyubid period in Syria (11821260), Homs has obtained fame as the location of the purported tomb and mosque of Khalid. [9] The narratives of the battle describe Khalid riding through the field, slaying the Muslims with his lance. The expedition. [199] The 12th-century traveler Ibn Jubayr noted that the tomb contained the graves of Khalid and his son Abd al-Rahman. saraya) for those early Muslim expeditions where he was not personally present. In order to make the enemy feel that they have enough power to fight. The triumvirate had revolted against Ali ostensibly to avenge the assassination of the third caliph Uthman (r.644656), although Aisha and Talha are both known to have actively opposed him. [23] Among the supporters of Ali were Malik al-Ashtar (d.657) and other religiously learned[24] qurra (lit. [92] He left small Muslim garrisons in the conquered cities of Iraq under the overall military command of al-Muthanna ibn Haritha. [19][191], There is no further significant role played by members of Khalid's family in the historical record. [75] Some authors have rejected this accusation,[81][82] though most seem to agree that Muhammad visited Uthman shortly before his death and rebuked him for his conduct. [40] His forces were drawn from the Muhajirun and the Ansar. [53][54][19][53] He also convinced the rebels not to prevent the delivery of water to Uthman's house during the siege. [115] He arrived on Easter day of that year, i.e. [90] Soon, however, they raided the town on "a cold, dark night with wind and rain,"[134][136] killing many and seizing the control of Basra and its treasury. [102] In this route the only span where a desert march could have occurred is between Jabal al-Bishri and Palmyra, though the area between the two places is considerably less than a six-day march and contains a number of water sources. [124] Each of the five Muslim commanders were charged with blocking one of the city gates; Khalid was stationed at Bab Sharqi (the East Gate). [88] Some authors add the (majority of the) Muhajirun to the above list of Ali's supporters. One group advocated for a companion closer in kinship to Muhammad, namely his cousin Ali, while another group, backed by new converts among the Qurayshite aristocracy, rallied behind Abu Bakr. [76] Here, Farhad Daftary and John Kelsay say that the actual murderers soon fled (Medina) after the assassination,[20][77] a view for which Jafri cites al-Tabari. [46] Abu Bakr consequently resolved to have him executed by Khalid. [41][28] That Ali was behind the letter is also the opinion of Leone Caetani (d.1935). [54] Still, both Ali and his representative Ibn Abbas reprimanded Aisha as they saw her responsible for the loss of life and for leaving her home in violation of the Quran's instructions for Muhammad's widows. [188] As a result, his family's properties, including his residence and several other houses in Medina, were inherited by Ayyub ibn Salama, a great-grandson of Khalid's brother al-Walid ibn al-Walid. [161] Khalid was dispatched by Abu Ubayda to conquer Qinnasrin (called Chalcis by the Byzantines) and nearby Aleppo. Views of the wars by modern historians vary considerably. Battle in which prophet not participated is known as: [141] He stationed an elite squadron of 200300 horsemen to support the center of his defensive line and left archers posted in the Muslims' camp near Dayr Ayyub, where they could be most effective against an incoming Byzantine force. Pak Study; Islamic Studies; Everyday Science; General Knowledge; Current Affairs. 680). He later became a Muslim and spent the remainder of his career in service to Muhammad and the first two Rashidun caliphs: Abu Bakr and Umar. [175] He cites a tradition related by Kabsha bint Ka'b ibn Malik, in which Aisha praises Uthman and regrets that she incited revolt against him (but not against Ali). [105] The Byzantine rout marked the destruction of their last effective army in Syria, immediately securing earlier Muslim gains in Palestine and Transjordan and paving the way for the recapture of Damascus[135] in December, this time by Abu Ubayda,[132] and the conquest of the Beqaa Valley and ultimately the rest of Syria to the north. [95] Khalid left Ayn al-Tamr for Dumat al-Jandal where the combined Muslim forces bested the defenders in a pitched battle. [99], Alternatively, Talha and Zubayr revolted after Ali refused to grant them favors. What is the war called in which the prophet Muhammad PBUH did - Quora The Prophet fought the Quraysh of Makkah, some other hostile Arab tribes, the treacherous Jews, and the Byzantines and their Arab proxies.