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Summary of Meta-Analysis Statistics by Depression Diagnosis and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire Scores. In addition, in order to examine whether there was specificity in the association between different types of child maltreatment and depression, we conducted analyses across five types of maltreatment, all assessed using the same measure of child maltreatment (i.e., the CTQ). In addition, studies conducted in English had larger effect sizes, on average, than did those conducted in other languages. No studies as of yet, however, have evaluated the specific vulnerability hypothesis or the titration model. Childhood trauma and adult depression. Previous meta-analyses examining the association between maltreatment and depression are informative. The site is secure. Although hopelessness has been linked to depression for centuries, the diagnostic criteria for depression are inconsistent with regard to the status of hopelessness. Clinical correlates of minimization and denial on the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. In future studies featuring samples with higher levels of CPA and CSA, what may be interesting to observe is whether all three forms of abuse are prospectively associated with negative inferential styles, but with this association being strongest for CEA (e.g., statistically significant differences in beta weights). Symptoms of depression and anxiety in children: Specificity of the hopelessness theory. From dispositional traits to psychopathological symptoms: Social-cognitive vulnerabilities as intervening mechanisms. CTQ-53 = original 53 item version of the CTQ (vs. the short form with 25 scorable items). Feelings of guilt and worries over the past. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. When depression was operationalized dimensionally, we calculated the bivariate association between child maltreatment scores and depression scores by converting correlations and standardized to Z values. Finally, researchers must consider emotional maltreatment (i.e., emotional abuse and emotional neglect) as influencing the etiology of depression; indeed, including these more silent forms of maltreatment in relevant studies should yield important insights concerning the causes of depression and treatment targets for individuals who are experiencing this debilitating disorder. Several studies have examined other potential influences on the development of negative inferential styles. Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Childhood experience of care and abuse (CECA): A retrospective interview measure, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Although caution should be exercised in interpreting inherently unstable effect sizes obtained in small-sample studies (Kraemer, Mintz, Noda, Tinklenberg, & Yesavage, 2006), this finding lends tentative support for the value of additional work evaluating this aspect of the hopelessness theory. Beyond cumulative risk: A dimensional approach to childhood adversity, Current Directions in Psychological Science. The few studies involving hopelessness depression symptoms were consistent, however, in yielding support for a relationship with negative inferential styles. Participants and Setting: 192 unique samples consisting of 68,830 individuals. Thus, the absence of an association between these two forms of abuse and negative inferential styles observed in several studies may in some measure be a function of their relatively low rate of occurrence in the study samples. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. TDS = trait depression subscale of the State-Trait Depression Questionnaire. Population-based prevention of child maltreatment: The US Triple P system population trial. This formulation is supported by empirical work: emotional maltreatment during childhood has been found to be associated with negative self-referential processing (Steinberg, Gibb, Alloy, & Abramson, 2003), one potential risk pathway for depression. Modern approaches to conceptualizing and measuring human life stress. The Attributional Style Questionnaire. (2012) examined three forms of child maltreatment in relation to depressive disorders, and found the strongest association with emotional abuse (OR=3.06), followed by neglect, broadly defined (OR=2.11), and the weakest association for physical abuse (OR=1.54). Paralleling these findings, 16 of the 17 studies involving non-selected youth samples, and depressive symptoms as the outcome of interest, found some support for the diathesis-stress component of the hopelessness theory (Abela, McGirr, & Skitch, 2007, n = 382; Abela & Payne, 2003, n = 314; Abela & Sarin, 2002, n = 79; Abela & Seligman, 2000, adolescent subsample n = 149; Abela, 2001, n = 382; Abela et al., 2011, n = 1,150; Abela, Parkinson, Stolow, & Starrs, 2009, n = 367; Auerbach & Ho, 2012, n = 179; Brozina & Abela, 2006, n = 418; Calvete, Villardn, & Estvez, 2008, n = 856; Cohen, Young, & Abela, 2012, n = 206; Hankin, 2008b, n = 350; Kercher & Rapee, 2009, n = 756; Lee, Hankin, & Mermelstein, 2010, n = 350; Mezulis, Funasaki, Charbonneau, & Hyde, 2010, n = 366; Rood, Roelofs, Bgels, & Meesters, 2012, n = 805; for the one exception, see Stange, Alloy, Flynn, & Abramson, 2013, n = 458). National Library of Medicine FOIA Stability of cognitive vulnerabilities to depression: A short-term prospective multiwave study. These findings suggest that impulsivity and hopelessness might be important factors to consider in future studies on the relation between childhood maltreatment and depression symptoms among incarcerated youth. Recently, however, researchers have started to examine particular types of childhood maltreatment as risk factors for depression, with an increasing focus on the more "silent" forms of maltreatment, such as emotional abuse. Retrospective and prospectively assessed childhood adversity in association with major depression, alcohol consumption and painful conditions. Furthermore, it is a growing public health concern. For both emotional neglect and physical neglect, population-based samples had smaller effect sizes than did other sample sources (emotional neglect: Coef. Researchers have documented that child maltreatment is associated with adverse long-term consequences for mental health, including increased risk for depression. Additionally, several studies referred to attributional styles when in fact providing assessments of inferential styles. Reported levels of childhood emotional, but not physical or sexual, maltreatment were related to levels of hopelessness and episodes of nonendogenous major depression (NE-MD) and hopelessness depression (HD) during . Hopelessness and depressive symptoms were assessed 3 months later. We present here the most recent criteria for this hypothesized disorder subtype (Alloy et al., 2006). feelings of hopelessness. Problems getting things done well and on time. In particular, researchers have noted low reliability of the physical neglect subscale (Gil et al., 2009; Paivio & Cramer, 2004), that has been attributed to greater variability in the types of items included on this subscale (Bernstein et al., 1994). A central aspect of cognitive vulnerabilities, such as negative inferential styles, that has been the focus of much discussion is the degree to which they are stable, trait-like risk factors (see Haeffel et al., 2005; Just, Abramson, & Alloy, 2001 for more detailed discussions of this issue). Specifically, several researchers have suggested that depressogenic vulnerabilities begin to emerge in early to middle childhood and only become relatively stable in late childhood and early adolescence, at which point they transition from mediating the relation between life stressors and depression to moderating it (Cole et al., 2008; Crick & Dodge, 1994; Nolen-Hoeksema, Girgus, & Seligman, 1992). These subsequent years also have seen a number of elaborations of the hopelessness theory including a cognitive-developmental pathway through which child abuse contributes to cognitive vulnerability to subsequent depression (Rose & Abramson, 1992), the weakest link hypothesis (Abela & Sarin, 2002), Panzarella, Alloy, and Whitehouses (2006) concept of adaptive inferential feedback, and an account of risk for suicide (Abramson et al., 2000). Needles DJ, Abramson LY. Childhood Maltreatment - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics It's a feeling of utter emptiness and a belief that nothing you do will make things better. Providing more proximal assessments of childhood abuse are four studies featuring either child samples (Gibb & Abela, 2008, n = 140; Gibb, Stone, & Crossett, 2012, n = 100; Mezulis, Hyde, & Abramson, 2006, n = 289) or an adolescent sample (Padilla Paredes & Calvete, 2014, n = 1,316). Three studies have attempted to delineate properties of negative inferential styles as a construct. Kercher A, Rapee RM. Hankin BL. This finding is consistent with theoretical and empirical accounts of maltreatment and depression. It takes away all of a person's self-worth and leads to fatigue, lack of self-esteem, and even suicidal ideation in many cases. Similar to depression severity and a history of maltreatment, impulsivity (Herrenkohl et al., 2000) and hopelessness (Lorion & Saltzman, 1993) have both been implicated as risk factors for criminal offending. The publisher's final edited version of this article is available at, child maltreatment, depression, abuse, neglect, meta-analysis. Altogether, nine studies to date have assessed potential antecedents of depressogenic inferential styles. Variation of the effect size within each meta-analysis is presented in Table 3. Future work addressing these gaps in the literature is essential for validating the clinical relevance of the hopelessness theory. CDI = Childrens Depression Inventory. Given that it is hypothesized to be possible to have hopelessness depression but not meet criteria for DSM-III-R depression (Abramson et al., 1989), these inclusion criteria may potentially lead to a systematic exclusion of a subgroup of individuals with hopelessness depression. Moreover, selection of participants based on diagnostic criteria poses a threat to the validity of taxometric analyses insofar as they effectively limit the sample to members of the putative taxon, thus biasing the analyses toward dimensionality (for a detailed discussion of this issue, see Ruscio, Haslam, & Ruscio, 2006). A common limitation of these aforementioned studies is that a degree of caution should be taken generalizing findings involving mild dysphoria in non-clinical samples to more clinically severe populations. Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. A nonsignificant Q test statistic suggests that the pooled OR represents a unitary effect. Hong and colleagues (2006) found hopelessness to mediate the relation between negative inferential styles and hopelessness depression symptoms. The global burden of disease: 2004 update. In search of the HPA axis activity in unipolar depression patients with childhood trauma: Combined cortisol awakening response and dexamethasone suppression test. A test of integration of the activation hypothesis and the diathesis-stress component of the hopelessness theory of depression. Download .nbib The current study examined this relation in children and adolescen Given the absence of a control condition, however, it was unclear to what degree the observed improvement in cognitive vulnerability was due to natural regression to the mean, CBT, AIF, or an increased sense of social support patients feel from receiving AIF. Lex C, Meyer TD. It is worth noting within this context that the fifth study, which generally provided the most support for hopelessness depression as a syndrome, was not subject to this restriction. 11 October 2022 Article A 6-year longitudinal study of predictors for suicide attempts in major depressive disorder Merijn Eikelenboom , Aartjan T. F. Beekman , Brenda W. J. H. Penninx and Johannes H. Smit Psychological Medicine Published online: 13 June 2018 Article The long-term impact of the physical, emotional, and sexual abuse of children: A community study. These findings validate the need for more research with clinically significant hopelessness depression. Gender differences in the cognitive vulnerability-stress model of depression in the transition to adolescence. Furthermore, the test-retest correlation in this study was only moderately high for negative inferential styles (r = .52), which seems to suggest that although trait-like in nature, this cognitive vulnerability is by no means immutable, and thus may be amenable to therapeutic intervention. First, we conducted computer-based searches using PubMed and Ovid for the following terms (or stems when appropriate) appearing anywhere in the manuscript: (depress* OR MDD) AND (ctq OR child trauma questionnaire OR childhood trauma questionnaire). Predicting changes in depressive symptoms from pregnancy to postpartum: The role of brooding rumination and negative inferential styles. Attempts to conduct meta-analyses of the association between different forms of child maltreatment and depressive symptomatology in adulthood, however, have been limited by the wide range of definitions of child maltreatment in the literature. 1. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Major depressive disorder is a highly prevalent clinical condition, with estimates for lifetime rates of its occurrence ranging from 13.2% to 16.6% (Hasin, Goodwin, Stinson, & Grant, 2005; Kessler et al., 2005). Positive life events, attributional style, and hopefulness: Testing a model of recovery from depression. Because cumulative maltreatment, impulsivity, and hopelessness might be antecedents of both depression severity and general antisocial . Kazdin AE, French NH, Unis AS, Esveldt-Dawson K, Sherick RB. Abela JRZ, Scheffler P. Conceptualizing cognitive vulnerability to depression in youth: A comparison of the weakest link and additive approaches. Emotional Maltreatment, Peer Victimization, and Depressive versus Anxiety Symptoms During Adolescence: Hopelessness as a Mediator: Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology: Vol 42, No 3 Home All Journals Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology List of Issues Volume 42, Issue 3 Emotional Maltreatment, Peer Victimizati .. Rose and Abramson hypothesized that emotional abuse leaves individuals particularly vulnerable to developing a negative cognitive style, which in turn increases risk for depression. Consequently, they cannot provide insight regarding the degree to which negative inferential styles are predictive of future depressive episodes after accounting for known risk factors, such as past depression, and the extent to which this vulnerability factor is predictive of first depressive onset. For example, among the studies included in the current review, one reported mixed support for the unique role of negative inferential styles in lifetime history of depression when compared to negative core beliefs (Abela et al., 2012). In the first of these studies (Dobkin, Panzarella, Fernandez, Alloy, & Cascardi, 2004), undergraduates (n = 150) provided with adaptive feedback following the experience of a stressor exhibited less negative inferential styles, which in turn were associated with reduced dysphoria. The composite hopelessness depression symptoms, albeit with the symptom uncorrelated with hopelessness removed, was more strongly correlated with hopelessness than was the composite of other depressive symptoms (internal consistency for the five-item composite of hopelessness depression symptoms = .76, inter-item r = .40). Concerns about mental health and substance use remain elevated three years after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, with 90% of U.S. adults believing that the country is facing a mental health . This issue has several important implications. Hopelessness depression in depressed inpatients: Symptomatology, patient characteristics, and outcome. In fact, there have been no studies to date examining positive inferential styles in relation to recovery from clinically significant depression. Hopelessness, depression, and suicidal intent among psychiatrically disturbed inpatient children. Childhood maltreatment increases the risk of subsequent depression, anxiety and alcohol abuse, but the rate of resilient victims is unknown. Childhood emotional abuse (CEA), but not childhood sexual abuse (CSA) or physical abuse (CPA), was found to be specifically associated with negative inferential styles (Gibb, Alloy, Abramson, & Marx, 2003, n = 220; Hankin, 2005, ns = 652 and 75; Liu, Choi, Boland, Mastin, & Alloy, 2013, n = 66). CTQ = childhood trauma questionnaire. More specifically, in addition to establishing negative inferential styles as a predictor of hopelessness depression episodes in general, it would be important to demonstrate this cognitive vulnerability is predictive of episodes of hopelessness depression that do not meet criteria for DSM-5 major depression, and is more predictive of hopelessness depression than DSM-5 major depression. Additionally, there are few studies evaluating hopelessness as a mediator of the hypothesized interaction between negative inferential styles and negative life events on depression, with the current support being mixed. More specifically, in what they termed the weakest link hypothesis, Abela and Sarin (2002) suggested that an individual is as vulnerable to depression as their most negative inferential style, which should thus serve as a more accurate index of cognitive vulnerability to depression. and transmitted securely. = 1.42, SE = 0.59) indicating that smaller studies may be upwardly biasing the effect. Trim and fill procedures indicated the following corrected effect size estimates for total CTQ scores: g = .88 (95% CI, 0.741.02; 8 missing), emotional neglect; g = .77 (95% CI, 0.650.90; 12 missing), and physical neglect: g = .49 (95% CI, 0.350.63; 10 missing). 5As we were interested in reviewing the literature on hopelessness theory as it pertains to suicidal ideation and behavior, we initially included the terms suicid* or self-injur* or self-harm* in our search string. Thus far, the evidence appears mixed, although there appears to be greater support for a degree of specificity in studies focusing on non-clinical samples and depressive symptoms rather than diagnoses. Moreover, although each type of child maltreatment was positively associated with depression diagnosis and scores, there was variability in the size of the effects, with emotional abuse and emotional neglect demonstrating the strongest associations. Sexton MB, Hamilton L, McGinnis EW, Rosenblum KL, & Muzik M (2015). The hopelessness that results regarding the prospect of addressing the cause of these events, and thus thwarting their future recurrence, places the child at eventual risk for depression. Hamza CA, Stewart SL, Willoughby T. Examining the link between nonsuicidal self-injury and suicidal behavior: A review of the literature and an integrated model. Moreover, support for a serial mediation model was found, with maternal cognitive vulnerability during pregnancy being mediated by offspring negative inferential styles in predicting depression in offspring. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology. We would like to thank Lauren Alloy for her comments on an earlier draft of this article. Finally, in three separate outpatient samples (ns = 1,604, 844, 680) and a sample of Air Force cadets (n = 1,404), consistent support was found for the existence of a distinct cluster of hopelessness depression symptoms, for which a small but significant difference from other depressive symptoms was observed (Joiner et al., 2001). A few points should be noted in interpreting the findings from these studies. The addition of these terms yielded no additional search results, and thus, in the interest of parsimony, were removed from our search string. Quickly becoming annoyed, impatient or angry. Socioeconomic Status and Inflammation: A Meta-Analysis, Childhood maltreatment predicts unfavorable course of illness and treatment outcome in depression: A meta-analysis. Directly addressing this issue, several studies have found negative inferential styles to be associated with clinical depression (Abela, Stolow, Zhang, & McWhinnie, 2012, n = 60; Rose, Abramson, Hodulik, Halberstadt, & Leff, 1994, n = 188), to be greater in those with remitted depression relative to healthy controls (Haeffel et al., 2005), and to be related to depressive symptoms in individuals who engage in deliberate self-harm (OConnor, Connery, & Cheyne, 2000, subsample n = 20). Gibb BE, Beevers CG, Andover MS, Holleran K. The hopelessness theory of depression: A prospective multi-wave test of the vulnerability-stress hypothesis. When the two studies that were population-based (i.e., Mikaeili, Barahmand, & Abdi, 2013; Schulz, Schmidt, et al., 2014) were excluded, the overall effect was similar to the full analyses (Z = .38 [95% CI, .35.41]) and the effect statistically differed from zero (Z = 24.72, p < .001). A combination of individual, relational, community, and societal factors contribute to the risk of child abuse and neglect. PMCID: PMC3645878 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2013.777916 Abstract Extensive comorbidity between depression and anxiety has driven research to identify unique and shared risk factors. According to this formulation, children seek to understand the cause of the adverse life events they experience. Abstract. 4We initially also conducted our literature search in PubMed. Haeffel GJ. The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. In the third study (Peters, Constans, & Mathews, 2011), cognitive bias modification training for positive attributions was associated with reduced likelihood of making negative self-inferences and less dysphoric mood following poor performance on a difficult task in an undergraduate sample (n = 54).