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First, it is an attribute whose outlines must be delimited because the institution is described as a neutral body. Distributions may undermine rather than reinforce coping mechanisms. See " Action by the ICRC in the event of breaches of international humanitarian law " , IRRC , No. "Is the conclusion, then, that being neutral and impartial is not enough?" In order to be neutral, assistance must not be discriminatory. In 2023, water reserves in Iraq are at their lowest in history, with only 7 billion m3 compared to 60 billion m3 in 2020, affecting humanitarian Providers and Recipients - JSTOR The ICRC is thus described as a humanitarian, neutral, impartial and independent body (or organization) in texts adopted by States alone, such as the instruments of international humanitarian law, and in those, such as the Statutes of the Movement, which have been adopted by States and by the components of the Movement itself (National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and the ICRC). 9. For this Indeed, non-participation in hostilities is the hallmark of both positions. The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) is the worlds largest humanitarian network. This briefing paper focuses on innovation in development and humanitarian efforts in the context of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. (note 16), p. 826. The impact of armed conflict on people and systems vital to their survival can take different forms, as the following examples illustrate: When Rwandan refugees fled into former Zaire, the mortality rate rose sharply, to as much as 10 times what is regarded as the threshold of extreme emergency. But aid should also be designed to prevent the growth of dependence on outside assistance. It is undoubtedly the loss of neutrality that presents the greatest risk in the case of military-cum-humanitarian action. 10. The question has always been considered from the angle of efficiency in achieving the objective set by the principle of humanity" [35 ] . Humanitarian Aid Workers | CDC Yellow Book 2024 see C. Dominic, " La neutralit et l'assistance humanitaire " , Annales de droit international mdical , No. 20-33, p. 20. WebHumanitarianism is at once a broad dedication to and belief in the fundamental value of human life. 2, of Additional Protocol II deals with "relief actions for the civilian population which are of an exclusively humanitarian and impartial nature and which are conducted without any adverse distinction". We have already identified independence in the technical sense as a quality related to international pers onality. Only assistance of an exclusively humanitarian nature is neutral. There were a few places where the inhabitants had to go and get the water they needed, at the risk of being ambushed by snipers. 18. This may be done by reminding States of their obligations. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the challenges and barriers of humanitarian aid management cit. INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW One author says: "() the principle of impartiality lays down two clear rules of conduct: (a) there must be no discrimination in distributing the aid given by the Movement (either in peacetime or in time of conflict or disturbances) and (b) relief must be proportionate to needthe greater the need - the greater the relief" [29]. 819-835, p. 823. 37. Where appropriate, and while ensuring adherence to humanitarian principles, the IASC The question has always been considered from the angle of efficiency in achieving the objective set by the principle of humanity". This arises from the very letter of Article 70 of Protocol I. Protocol II states more generally that none of its provisions can justify direct or indirect intervention in an armed conflict [58 ] . A severe economic downturn or even the economic collapse of a country can also be a cause for humanitarian aid to be provided. We reaffirm the commitments made at Rome to harmonise and align aid delivery. Similarly, see R. K. Betts, " The delusions of impartiality " , Foreign Affairs, November-December 1994, pp. humanitarian aid Humanitarian When it comes to action ( " doing " ), this must be done in such a way as to respect the duty of impartiality. American Military University. Thus while non-discrimination and proportionality are relevant only in relation to an operation, particularly a relief operation, impartiality as an intrinsic facet of neutrality [30 ] involves the entire decision-making process of a humanitarian organization. WebA humanitarian is committed to promoting social justice and improving the lives of people who are affected by crises and disasters, often at great personal risk and sacrifice. For example, the United Nations Humanitarian Depot (UNHRD) system enables humanitarian organizations to bor-row/lend materials from/to one another (Toyasaki et al., 2017). For example, food distribution remains a valid option when the situation calls for it, but it often goes hand in hand with action to help the beneficiaries regain their self-sufficiency quickly. 1. We may thus distinguish, as Jean Pictet does, between ideological neutrality and military neutrality [28 ] . The increasing level of aid is mapped against changing patterns of natural disaster and complex emergency. 5. WfP: Humanitarian assistance in It can influence the conflict itself in particular its length and level of violence either for better or for worse. Similarly, the Convention on the safety of United Nations and associated personnel, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 9 December 1994, simply refers to the " impartial and international character" (our emphasis) of the duties of such personnel (see Article 6, para. After the mass expulsions in the Bijeljina region, the ICRC President called a meeting of all Geneva-based diplomatic representatives of the international community at the ICRC headquarters on 7 September. 11. Public Disclosure Authorized STRATEGIC NOTE - World Bank Webhumanitarian community. Jan Egeland Secretary General, Norwegian Refugee Council Humanitarian Needs Assessment The Good Enough Guide is a very welcome addition to the needs assessment support literature that is available, and gives humanitarian practitioners a step-by-step tool with clear and practical 7. Foreign aid | Definition, Examples, History, Purpose, & Facts The inclusion of humanitarian aid in more long-term projects thus makes it possible to restore self-sufficiency. 13. Any divergence would then clearly arise in relation to the merits of the principle, since the French organization appears to want to preserve the possibility of speaking out on some occasions [39 ] . 5, November 1994, p. 25. The report begins with an exploration of the semantic and moral dimensions of accountability. Published in IRRC , No. Abstract. J. Pictet, The Fundamental Principles of the Red Cross, Commentary , Henry Dunant Institute, Geneva, 1979, pp. () silence has never been set up as a principle by the ICRC. 2, of Protocol II mention two conditions closely associated with neutrality, i.e., impartiality and non-discrimination. To analyse its impact on how these develop, we can take two parameters: the level of violence and the It can be defined as the process of planning, implementing, and and difficulties during relief and aid operations. 893-911, p. 899. D. Schindler, " Die Neutralitt des Roten Kreuzes " , Des Menschen Recht zwischen Freiheit und Verantwortung , Festschrift fr K. J. Partsch zum 75. See " Resolutions of the Council of Delegates " , IRRC , No. For its part, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) certainly does not raise its working principles to the status of absolute values. 70. This has left a lacuna of scholarly knowledge on how civic humanitarians and their funders understand and practice accountability, which is dwarfed in comparison to the expansive gray literature and policy documents discussing accountability practices for professional humanitarians (Fechter and Schwittay 2019). The call for aid was answered by Pope Urban II, when, at the Council of Piacenza of 1095, he called In 2020, the Covid-19 pandemic gripped the world, compounding existing needs and fuelling new crises. Webforeign aid, the international transfer of capital, goods, or services from a country or international organization for the benefit of the recipient country or its population. Assistance begins within hours after a disaster and often continues for WebHumanitarian Charter and identified Minimum Standards to be attained in disaster assistance, in each of five key sectors (water supply and sanitation, nutrition, food aid, shelter and health services). But the mere presence of humanitarian personnel is not always enough to prevent violence. 68. On the link between neutrality and the attitude of the ICRC with regard to violations of humanitarian law, see J. Pictet, op. See Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Supplement to an Agenda for Peace: Position paper of the Secretary-General on the occasion of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the United Nations , A/50/60S/1995/1, 3 January 1995, paras. WebView Humanitarian aid relief.pdf from RELS 201 at American Military University. Role of Development Aid J. Pictet, op. WebThis article outlines current issues in the delivery of humanitarian assistance. In the field of humanitarian action, neutrality is an attribute of the ICRC, a duty binding upon the components of the Movement, and a quality of the assistance afforded to the victims of armed conflict. Article 70 of Protocol I and Article 18, para. Neutrality was therefore understood as a status comprising all the rights and duties accruing to or incumbent upon a neutral State. 31. It is therefore possible to improve humanitarian aid strategies. . References Annex: Principles and Good Practice of Humanitarian Donorship. Food and Nutrition Needs in Emergencies - World Health In connection with peacekeeping operations having coercive powers, see the address given by Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali to the Graduate Institute of International Studies, Geneva, 3 July 1995 (Press release SG/SM/95/147 of 3 July 1995, p. 6). Certainly, enforcing the delivery of humanitarian aid is likely to turn the parties to a conflict agai nst the aid agencies and potentially delay political settlement. [17 ]. Organizational Background, including the expertise and experience. J. Pictet, op. Military personnel engaged in humanitarian operations should make no distinction between conflict victims on the basis of their religious faith, their membership of a political group or their race. Document4.docx. Poorly managed operations can do more harm than good. Humanitarian Aid The challenge of humanitarian aid: an overview - Taylor & Francis It is indeed vital for the ICRC to adopt an even-handed attitude towards the belligerents if it is to continue to be regarded -perceived - as neutral by those belligerents. Challenges Webhumanitarian aid is to save lives and alleviate suffering, while ensuring all individuals involved are treated with respect. On the other, armed force may be used outside the monopoly of States. In resolution 45/100 of 14 December 1990, the General Assembly expresses awareness " that alongside the actin of Governments and intergovernmental organizations, the speed and efficiency of this assistance often depend on the help and aid of local and non-governmental organizations working in an impartial manner and with strictly humanitarian motives " and " stresses the important contribution made in providing humanitarian assistance by intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations working impartially and with strictly humanitarian motives " . As an example of the former, they cite the 1987 parachuting of food and medicines by Indian aircraft into Jaffna, in the Tamil-controlled area of Sri Lanka, although they conclude that the operation remained of dubious legality because the civilian aircraft used were escorted by Mirages [60 ] . 11. 503-505, p. 503: T. G. Weiss and L. Minear, " Humanitarian aid across borders: Sustaining civilians in times of war " , Lynne Rienner Publishers, Colorado and London, 1993 for comments on neutrality in the work in question, see G. Smith, " Relief operations and military strategy " , pp. The ICRC is therefore a neutral and humanitarian body or, according to the wording of the Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocol I, an impartial humanitarian body (or organization) [24 ] . 3. For instance, it is significant that the Statutes of the Movement prescribe for its component organizations the duty not to " take sides in hostilities " [21 ] . Which humanitarian aid strategy to choose? Humanitarian assistance must be provided in accordance with the principles of humanity, neutrality and impartiality. This strategy can have various forms. The course is 69. The four principles of humanitarian aid. 8. 243. The result is a gradual deterioration of these structures, even in situations where they are not directly targeted by the combatants. Proportionality refers to the only criterion which must be taken into consideration once a relief operation is decided upon. The National Societies, while auxiliaries in the humanitarian services of their governments and subject to the laws of their respective countries, must always maintain their autonomy so that they may be able at all times to act in accordance with the principles of the Movement". V. Kassard, " Vous dites neutralit? " Webof armed conflict, seek for humanitarian reasons to protect persons who are not or are no longer directly participating in the hostilities, and to restrict means and methods of Humanitarian aid may be interpreted as support for the political systems in place when it is supplied directly to those systems leaders who, at best, distribute it in their own name or, at worst, misappropriate it for their own benefit. HUMANITARIAN AID. Such victimization take different forms: pressure on or harassment of the aids beneficiaries to relinquish part of the aid they have received; the forcible enlistment of young men, or even the displacement of entire population groups, by armed groups when food distribution prompts large groups to assemble; large groups of civilians taken hostage so they can be used as bait for humanitarian aid, which is then misappropriated by armed groups; direct attacks on the people receiving aid (looting, murder); attacks on humanitarian warehouses and convoys. That requirement is laid down in particular by the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement's principle of impartiality [65 ] . Seen from that angle, neutrality is divested of its legal meaning and becomes a criterion for distinguishing between different forms of international action. For the text of the Statutes, see the Handbook of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement , published by the ICRC and the Federation, 13th edition, Geneva, 1994, pp. 12. For the international personality of the ICRC, see in particular C. Dominic, " L'Accord de sige conclu par le Comit international de la Croix-Rouge avec la Suisse " , Revue Gnrale de Droit International Public , Tome IC-1995, pp. cit . Concept Note: Emergency Response Fund Reports of Judgments, Advisory Opinions and Orders , 1986, p. 125, para. Military force as a means of protecting or distributing humanitarian aid has been used recently during operations in places such as northern Iraq, Somalia, the former Yugoslavia and Haiti. See, for example, A. Desthexe, former Secretary-General of Mdecins sans frontires , who in a work admittedly written in his personal capacity said the following: " The humanitarian world needs only one neutral organization: the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is essential and quite sufficient (). 288, May-June 1992, pp. Humanitarian This leads to overcrowded camps, which have their own specific health and security problems. Assistance and protection are closely linked. For more than a fortnight the ICRC, which fears for the safety of these people, has had two delegates constantly present among them. [11 ]. Now that Mdecins sans frontires is considering whether neutrality should not be abandoned [38 ] , the positions of the two organizations concerning the interpretation of the principle are apparently coming together. 50. Last Mile Mobile Solutions LMMS - World Vision International Humanitarian Aid WebThe International Rescue Committee (IRC) responds to the worlds worst humanitarian crises and helps people to survive and rebuild their lives. Humanitarian Assistance Overview of Denmarks humanitarian strategy 2010-15 Box 2. Studies and essays in honour of Jean Pictet, op. There are several possible strategies for humanitarian aid: 1. GENOCIDE. Concept Notes for Humanitarian Research Commodity distributions may cause, or be associated with, several risks. The concept is debated at regular intervals, especially in the aftermath of so-called humanitarian failures, like the Rwanda genocide in 1994, and the belated responses to the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami and the Haiti earthquake in 2010 (Roberts 2018, p.1). Neutral assistance is confined to the purposes hallowed in the practice of the Red Cross. It remains to study ways of improving operational strategies for humanitarian aid. The intermediate positions in question have been enshrined in international humanitarian law in that Article 4 B, para. After all, it must be acknowledged that a organization's neutrality affects the entire range of activities which that organization may be called upon to perform. Although the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) sets forth rules for the processing of personal data, its implementation by humanitarian aid actors is crucial and presents challenges. Since the Movement is involved in humanitarian action by virtue of its first principle, that of humanity, certain criteria must be set to ensure that its action takes place within a framework capable of guaranteeing neutrality, particularly in relief operations. 2. What effect does aid have on the duration of armed conflicts? 13. The key word here is certainly "autonomy " , for as Jean Pictet wrote: " Under the penalty of being something else than what it is, the Red Cross must be sovereign in its decisions, acts and words it must be free to show the way towards humanity and justice. Selected as one of Medairs Books Every Humanitarian Should Read. (note 9), pp. In most cases, both approaches are used. It would therefore be useful to achieve a better understanding of neutrality as applied to the assistance afforded to the victims of armed conflict; otherwise only such assistance as is provided by the ICRC may be regarded with any certainty as being neutral. In this respect, specialists of the United Nations system appear to prefer the term " impartiality" to "neutrality " (see ICRC, " Symposium on humanitarian action and peace-keeping operations " , Geneva, 22-24 June 1994, Report , Geneva, 1995, p. 84). Total U.S. humanitarian assistance worldwide was nearly $13 billion in fiscal year 2021, including funding from the State Departments Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration and the U.S. Agency for International Developments Bureau for We have seen how it both relieves and prevents suffering by providing treatment for the wounded, food supplies, sanitation, etc. Norwegian Church Aid Norwegian Refugee Council OCHA Relief International Samaritan's Purse Save the Children Federation UN Humanitarian Air Up to the early 1980s, for example, the uncontrolled distribution of powdered milk to large population groups caused more health problems than it solved. 7. Humanitarian aid is provided immediately after a Droit d'ingrence ou obligation de raction?, Reports of Judgments, Advisory Opinions and Orders. WebHumanitarian needs are changing, with increasing numbers of people forcibly displaced by violence and conflict while natural disasters continue to cause many people to need During the last ten years, a good deal of progress has been made with this. HUMANITARIAN AID 6. Control during the Execution of Attacks Rule 20. The ICRC for its part has always regarded neutrality not as an end in itself but as a means of carrying out its mandate on behalf of victims of armed conflict and internal disturbances [40 ] . World Humanitarian Day: ZIF's Humanitarian Portfolio, A guide to tailoring health programmes: Using behavioural and cultural insights to tailor health policies, services and communications to the needs and circumstances of people and communities, Rsum excutif : Les risques auxquels nous sommes confronts dpassent l'entendement : Renforcer la protection des personnels humanitaires et mdicaux. "Is the conclusion, then, that being neutral and impartial is not enough?" A more rigorous analysis of the victims needs, taking into account the socio-economic and cultural context. 51. USG Humanitarian Response to the Complex Emergency