In his definition of herrenloses Land, Schlimm emphasized the existence of property rights and he alluded to sovereignty. From the point of view of German legal scholars, imperium and dominium were distinct concepts. In consequence, the way into the Hinterland had to be kept open by German soldiers and violent clashes between natives and traders were not uncommon. Map of Cameroon for your own design. ), Kamerun unter deutscher Kolonialherrschaft, vol. A Gustav Nachtigal B Captain moore C Captain Brooke D Edward Hewett 9 . The German governments Kronland policy was elaborated extensively by the Verordnung of 18 April 1910. Following the abolition of slave trade, trade companies bartered European goods such as cloth, arms, gunpowder and liquor for local palm oil, palm kernels, rubber and ivory. Be the first one to, Germans in the Cameroons, 1884-1914: a case study in modern imperialism, Advanced embedding details, examples, and help, University of Florida, George A. Smathers Libraries, http://uf.catalog.fcla.edu/uf.jsp?st=UF001084714&ix=nu&I=0&V=D, University of Florida George A. Smathers Libraries, Terms of Service (last updated 12/31/2014). Bismarck as Chancellor became the central statesman and the German Empire assumed supreme power over the African territories acquired by private companies and associations. Governor Governor (United States On 1911-11-04, it was augmented by a cession of 270,000 sq. 15, In November 1883, although he still hesitated, Bismarck agreed to dispatch a mission led by Gustav Nachtigal (18341885), an explorer and former consul-general, to collect information about Cameroon and the trade activities there, and to support the establishment of a naval patrol, a consular service, negotiations for a coaling station along the Cameroonian coast and trade agreements with the native rulers activities that as yet did not imply annexation. While the German State was the nominal protector, trading companies bore maximum responsibility and government intervention was kept to a minimum. On 21 November 1902, a decree was enacted by the Chancellor regarding the rights to parcels of land in all German Schutzgebiete. 59 Germany aimed at opening up the Hinterland to facilitate commercial interaction and at imposing German rule on the African population, treating them as second-class German subjects, in contrast to the German settlers, mostly farmers, who were considered first-class German citizens. Recalling the stately story of 'the most historic house in Texas' More maps were printed on 3 kinds of paper and very little on cloth. Germany was not in need of resources. 75 See A. Rger, Die Duala und die Kolonialmacht 18841914. This premise rests on the presumption that Germany possessed and exercised both external and internal sovereignty over the territory. After the Berlin West African conference of The Fulani placed their territory under German protection and hoisted the German flag, with the Fulani rulers promising to respect and to comply with German rules and orders. One can get the land for nearly nothing. Germany In fact, this official mandate by the German government to conclude treaties with native rulers in order to acquire sovereign rights over the territory merely confirmed current practice. Description : Cameroon mineral map depicts the location of important mineral deposits in Cameroon. As will be argued, the Germans would eventually misuse this room for discretion to gain more extensive sovereign rights over territory. The territory was administered directly by German officials: the Governor, the Chancellor and two Secretaries with a local council consisting of three merchants. WebStudent visa. Juni 1896 ber die Schaffung, Besitzergreifung und Veruerung von Kronland und ber den Erwerb und die Veruerung von Grundstcken im Schutzgebiete von Kamerun, vom 17. In Section3, German treaty practices and the wording of the treaties they concluded will be are analysed and discussed in more detail. Goering and C.G. In 1901, for example, Governor Jesco von Puttkamer (18551917) transferred full ownership of all unoccupied land to the Gesellschaft Nordwest-Kamerun. In other words, the German settlers and companies did not acquire ownership of the land; they could only obtain concessions from the German government. Maps The German government, however, had the right to cancel the lease contract and take the land whenever needed. Museum of the Former German Governor's However, the greater part of the Cameroons came under German rule by way of protectorate and Schutzgebiet treaties. These events are a part of . See Wesseling, Verdeel en Heers, 142144. They insisted that only sovereignty rights, whether wholly or in part, had been transferred. Reproduced in Zimmermann, Deutsche Kolonial-Gesetzgebung, 232233. See also F. Lentner, Das Internationale Kolonialrecht im neunzehnten Jahrhundert (Wien: Manz, 1886) and Schlimm, Grundstcksrecht in den deutschen Kolonien. Promises made in treaties with native rulers were no obstacle to the German policy of land appropriation and reallocation. WebMeet other Germans at our events in Cameroon. Although the Germans never officially considered assimilation part of their colonial policy, as France did, the essence of German rule was to align natives laws and customs with those of the Germans, fully assimilating the former. Session 1884/5. versus Germans in Cameroon : dimensions of a political Four maps included in the bundle: - One black map. Verordnung, von 18. With an area of 475,650 km, the country is almost as large as Spain or slightly larger than the US state of California. On the developments in the diplomatic field and the role of Germany, see A. However, the provisions on the dispossession of natives it showed that this particular provision was just a formality which posed no real threat to German landowners in the Cameroons. Although it was played out in the relatively obscure arena of the German overseas empire, the struggle between the Duala people and the pre- World War I government of Cameroon ranks among the better- known politieal dramas of African It stipulated that German settlers were allowed to purchase Kronland from the Government provided that the land was used to erect buildings and provided that the requested area did not extend beyond three hectares. In so arguing, they referred to the treatys non-interference clause. WebGerman Cameroon 175 UN Germany into one of the greatest military powers on the European continent. From the moment the Germans went ashore on Cameroonian territory, which was in fact indirectly controlled by Britain, the race between the two powers commenced, either party trying to acquire as much territory as possible as quickly as possible by concluding treaties with African natives. See Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria: Equatorial Guinea intervening), 2002, icj Reports 303. Rudin, Germans in the Cameroons, 401402. der Gouverneur noun. Von Liszt, Vlkerrecht, 1925, 149. WebThe six German governors who did administration work in Cameroon can be seen in the video so pay attention to the explanation at the end you will bring out a mind map on the Promoting Germany's economic prosperity is the main reason why the German Chancellor, Otto von Bismark, an ardent critic of colonialism, reluctantly consented to the acquisition of colonies in Africa. "Kamerun und der Erste Weltkrieg (1914-1918)" - WorldViews - GEI For an extensive overview of the pressing internal affairs occupying German politics in the last three decades of the nineteenth century, see H.-U. In the end, the British and the Germans came to an understanding on the British trade posts and Victoria: in January 1887, the British pieces of territory were transferred to Germany in exchange for monetary compensation. One of Europe s largest countries, Germany encompasses a wide variety of landscapes: the tall, sheer mountains of the south; the sandy, rolling plains of the north; the forested hills of the urbanized west; and the plains of the agricultural east. In the light of the Kronland policy of Germany, an interesting case emerged in a part of the Bamilk territory, situated at the foot of the Cameroon Mountain and inhabited by the Bamoun and Bamilk peoples. Even when the Germans acquired Cameroon, Victoria remained British. Mark Gordon is governor of Wyoming. Kaiserliche Verordnung ber die Enteignung von Grundeigentum in den Schutzgebieten Afrikas und der Sdsee, vom 14. Cameroon Colonial enterprise was no longer considered objectionable as a financial burden to be borne by the German tax payer. Brutal Genocide in Colonial Africa Finally The character of the Treaty has caused me to hoist the Imperial German flag in this country, and to put it under the suzerainty of His Majesty the Emperor of Germany. This time-is-of-the-essence feeling created an atmosphere of pressure in which the political class acted and decided on the German colonial venture. The aim will be to establish the historical context in which these treaties were negotiated and concluded and to analyse the treaty texts. The second and the third relevant concepts in the context of the German colonial venture, herrenloses Land and Kronland, are closely connected a connection that is particularly apparent in the imperial decree (Verordnung) of 15 June 1896. See also Sippel, Recht und Herrschaft in Kolonialer Frhzeit, 483484. Subsequently, Woermann declared that he was a trader, not an administrator, thus declining the German governments mandate. In practice, however, the Germans did take into account the formal requirement of the Governors approval in case of land sale between natives and Germans. WebLatest travel itineraries for Qingdao Site Museum of the Former German Governor's Residence in May (updated in 2023), book Qingdao Site Museum of the Former German Governor's Residence tickets now, view 1697 reviews and 21 photos of Qingdao Site Museum of the Former German Governor's Residence, popular attractions, hotels, and Cameroon Association for Responsible Tourism (CAMAST The only support these companies could rely on was imperial backing, The German colonial governor at the turn of the 20th century, Theodor Leutwein, was pleased as local leadership began to splinter. Labelling African territory as Kronland especially served the interests of trading companies and private associations, because it gave them access to the Hinterland and enable direct contact, trade and exploitation. Der Bedeutungswandel von Land in der Bamilk-Region whrend der europischen Kolonisation, Hamburg, 1996, p. 70. Religious Conflict and the Evolution of Language Policy in German and French Cameroon, 18851939. For the text of the document, see M. Buchner, Aurora Colonialis: Brchstcke eines Tagebuchs aus dem Beginn unserer Kolonialpolitik 1884/85 (Munich: Piloty and Loehle, 1914), 70. Private trading companies had to bear the costs and risks of their undertakings. Issuing emergency travel documents. For example, objections were raised by the Basler Mission in Victoria, which stood up for Cameroonian natives by drawing attention to the forced expropriation of land, the relocation to reservations and the lack of suitable land to guarantee basic subsistence levels. Germans in the Cameroons, 1884-1914: a case study in modern MacKenzie (eds. Although the companies were protected by the German government they had been awarded imperial charters it remains questionable whether these companies, as private actors, could acquire sovereignty transferred to them by native rulers by way of treaty. Greg Abbott spent nearly three hours in Huntsville at a campaign fundraiser that he was criticized for not canceling. Kuma Ndumbe, Deutsche Kaiserreich in Kamerun, 73. 51 German colony cameroon Stock 83 Von Puttkamer assured that the natives owned only the land that they cultivated, a view opposed by those defending the natives; the latter argued that the land used by the natives for their goats and cattle and for hunting was far more extensive than the land under cultivation. in Cameroon He abandoned the policy of using chartered trade companies to acquire and occupy African territory. As Duala became the main colonial urban centre of Cameroon, the German administration launched a campaign to modernize streets and housing in the main native areas of the city. 81 In the context of its imperial expansion, Germany intended to establish colonial protectorates on the African continent. $227.20. In addition to these national considerations, the Congress of Berlin (1878) made clear that Germany could no longer neglect international interests and affairs. Wesseling, Verdeel en Heers, 164. Contacts between the trading companies and the African natives were first and foremost driven by private interests: the companies wanted to trade, expand their market and make a profit. For that reason, it could even be argued that the various treaties, contracts and other agreements should be regarded as private law transactions concluded for the purpose of acquire land ownership. Plenty murder and plenty idol worshippers. These decrees, issued in March and July 1888, formally introduced German land law in Equatorial Africa to the detriment of traditional native land law. The Atlantic (Berlin: Springer, 1925), 106. Embassy of Germany in Yaounde, Cameroon 1968-08: On a Defense Department map of this date, West Cameroon federal state consists of six "divisions". Cameroon Cameroon crime rates. Cameroon was subjugated by the British and French and divided between them even before the war on the European continent came to an end. Cameroon As a consequence of the Kronlandgesetz, the number and the surface area of plantations possessed by German individuals and companies increased exponentially in the 1890s, as many plots of land were granted under the Governors authority. Studien zur Geschichte des deutschen Kolonialismus in Afrika (Pfaffenweiler: Centaurus, 1995), 469. Web[p. 25] UNIT 2 GERMAN IMPERIAL RULE IN CAMEROON [left column] Cameroon became a German protectorate in July 1884. A total of two people have served as President of Cameroon. WebRegler {m} governor (also: modulator) volume_up. Majestt den deutschen Kaiser, ber das von ihm beherrschte Gebiet die Schutzherrlichkeit bernehmen zu wollen and, in his turn, the German Emperor guaranteed the native ruler Seinen allerhchsten Schutz. The protective character of the relationship was articulated in Article 9, in which the Germans promised to respect the natives bestehenden Sitten und Gebruche, not to act in contradiction of the Gesetze und Verordnungen ihres eigenen Landes verstossen wrde and to pay Steuern to the native ruler. A typical question was the key question in the telegram of 12 March 1912 addressed to the Reichstag, in which the Duala rulers literally asked since when the German State had been the owner of the land: [S]eit wann ist denn unser lndlicher Grundbesitz Eigentum der Regierung geworden? ), Kamerun unter deutscher Kolonialherrschaft, vol. While Cameroon is not the largest country in Africa, in some ways it's as large as Africa itself. The Torschlusspanik fed the urge to strengthen Germanys international position. The area around Benin City attempted to stay neutral in the war. Consequently, two types of problems arose, reflecting two distinct stages of territorial acquisition by treaty. At the Berlin Conference there were signs of a gradual rapprochement between Britain and Germany: Britain accepted that Germany had entered the colonial arena and acknowledged the German territories on the African continent. He stated that Die Besitzergreifung erfolgt sofort, nachdem genannte Firmen die Vertrge abgeschlossen haben; dieselbe wird dokumentiert durch Aufziehen der deutschen Flagge in einem jeden der abgetretenen Gebiete sowie durch ffentliche Erklrung, dass das Land nunmehr deutsches Eigentum sei. The effects of this trade-off were mass expropriations of native lands and granting huge numbers of land concessions, mainly to such German associations as the Gesellschaft Sd-Kamerun and the Gesellschaft Nordwest-Kamerun. However, this treaty was never approved and recognized by Bismarck. The Germans were well aware of this legally doubtful way of acquiring title to territory and they therefore relied on constituting Schutzgebiete by concluding bilateral treaties with native rulers. There are three main linguistic groups: the Bantu-speaking peoples of the south, the Sudanic-speaking peoples of the north, and those who speak the Semi-Bantu languages, The appellation "regions" came with the Amendment of the Constitution of 90. governor The first German trading post in the Duala area on the Kamerun River Because the German colonial venture had started late and little time passed between landing on the African continent and taking control over specified territories, the acquisition of territorial sovereignty, including land ownership, was a less subtle process. der Vorstand ; das Direktorium ; der Schulbeirat. The protesters, however, stood firm and even succeeded catching the attention of the German administration on the European mainland. 29 For a more detailed reading, see H. Sippel, Recht und Herrschaft in Kolonialer Frhzeit: Die Rechtsverhltnisse in den Schutzgebieten der Deutsch-Ostafrikanischen Gesellschaft (18851890), in: P. Heine and U. van der Heyden (eds. 4 ***. Four problems will be explored. Despite his initial reluctance to become involved in colonial affairs, Chancellor Bismarck yielded to the twin temptation of expanding Germanys international power and creating an overseas empire.
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