Culture and COVID-19: Impact of Cross-Cultural Dimensions on - MDPI Ingroup vigilance in collectivistic cultures | PNAS Thus, it is possible that the differences in culture may be closely related with the levels of SWB in different countries. 2+, where only x Our results have significant implications. 2. By continuing you agree to the In Table5, given the model specification in column (3), the R2 of the model is 0.363. The GLOBE project extends Hofstedes 5 dimensions to 9 dimensions, including assertiveness orientation, institutional collectivism, in-group collectivism, future orientation, gender differentiation, humane orientation, performance orientation, power distance, and uncertainty avoidance. Our explanation is that UAI in the GLOBE culture indices is not the same as risk aversion, and it is also different from UAI in the Hofstede culture indices which are used in Arrindell et al. Hofstede and Bond (1988) define culture as the collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one category of people from those of another, and culture can be transferred largely unchanged from generation to generation (Guiso et al. In terms of individual/collectivism, GLOBE and Hofstede use opposite measures: Hofstede uses the dimension of individualism, while GLOBE uses collectivism, which is further divided into institutional collectivism and in-group collectivism. 1+ Books, Contact and Schyns P. Cross national differences in happiness: Economic and cultural factors explored. 2002). cookies. Sedikides C, Gaertner L, Cai H. On the panculturality of self-enhancement and self-protection motivation: The case for the universality of self-esteem In: Elliot AJ, editor. This significantly increases the discrimination ability of the cross-country comparison of cultural differences. Culture is an important factor affecting happiness. 1Department of Finance, Research Institute of Finance, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China, 2Division of Economics, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637332 Singapore, 3Emeritus Professor, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia, 4Department of Finance, Lingnan College, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China. D) realism. The relationships between SWB and individual effort and achievement are not clear. Fourthly, many emerging and transitional countries like China, Russia, and Vietnam have undergone drastic economic-systemic transformation and fast economic growth; how these changes may affect the relationships between culture and happiness is also worth exploring. Personality disorder in later life: A community study, Middle aging in women: Patterns of personality change from the 30s to the 50s. Overvaluation of children by their parents has previously been hypothesized as the origin of narcissism in children in individualistic societies [85]. In this study, we used an anonymous online survey to assess grandiose narcissism with the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) and the Pathological Narcissism Inventory (PNI) to assess grandiose and vulnerable aspects of narcissism, and self-esteem with the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE) in 1,025 German individuals. These approaches have methodological limitations. Brummelman E, Thomaes S, Nelemans SA, de Castro BO, Overbeek G, Bushman BJ. Cultures in North America and Western Europe tend to be individualistic. The PNI is comprised of seven subscales: exploitativeness (EXP, seven items), grandiose fantasy (GF, seven items), self-sacrificing self-enhancement (SSSE, six items), entitlement rage (ER, eight items), devaluing (DEV, seven items), contingent self-esteem (CSE, 12 items), and hiding the self (HS, seven items). The site is secure. 2We take this as figuratively speaking, not literally. 8600 Rockville Pike Both theories suggest that economic or material satisfaction is relatively easily obtained. x Self-esteem increases with age as personality traits mature and social roles begin to manifest. Cross-temporal cohorts use the same self-reporting method and can be affected by sampling biases. McClelland (1987) introduces the concept of need for achievement, which is defined as the need to do better. 2003), and the individualist-collectivist dummy (Schyns 1998; Lu and Gilmour 2004; Uchida et al. At the very basic level are the needs for survival, including food. As we replace the country dummy variables with cultural variables like PDI, the value of R2 also increases significantly from 0.30 to 0.53. As external environmental factors have rather small influences on SWB (e.g., socialeconomic factors can only explain 6% of the variation in SWB, Inglehart and Klingemann 2000), researchers shifted to examining the top-down social and psychological factors that affect how individuals perceive external events and environments. Miller JD, Hoffman BJ, Gaughan ET, Gentile B, Maples J, Campbell WK. Hofstede (1980) uses survey questionnaires on staff members in different branches of IBM in 53 different countries to calculate the culture indices of these countries. In the oldest age cohort (> 19 years of age in 1989), significant differences were only found in one of the two scales assessing grandiose narcissism (NPI). SWB also significantly related to culture indices. Add answer 10 pts Expert-Verified Answer question No one rated this answer yet why not be the first? Our explanation is that INC is different from ING in that it puts more emphasis on social networks and social help, and hence it is positively related to SWB. Suh (2002) suggests that in countries with individualist cultures, people have stronger self-identity consistency, a more consistent self-view. In contrast, individualistic societies have more personal freedom, and individuals have a higher ability to pursue their individual goals, which also ought to enhance SWB. Veenhoven R. Healthy happiness: Effects of happiness on physical health and the consequences for preventive health care. The former reflects the degree to which individuals take pride in their membership in small groups such as their families and circles of close friends (Javidan and House 2001).The latter refers to the extent to which societal institutions encourage the collective distribution of resources and collective action (House et al. This causes greater externality, which is negatively correlated with mental well-being. Just as some people are more individualistic than others (you can test your own tendencies here using a simpler paradigm), countries vary in the level of individualism in their cultures. Middle-aged individuals from East Germany may score lower on narcissism as they experience lower economic prosperity compared to middle-aged individuals from West Germany. These results are all consistent with those using the GLOBE indices reported in Table6. Journal of International Business Studies. . Table8 reports results of the regression using the Hofstede culture indices. Between 1949 and 1989/90, West . 6The results of robust check are similar to those reported in the paper when SWB is used. Lyons M, Morgan K, Thomas J, Al Hashmi A. Since narcissistic vulnerability in different cultures has not previously been compared, we did not formulate a direct hypothesis on this matter. Oishi et al. Even with increases in incomes, the effects on happiness may not be significant if the incomes of others also increase. First, our study is based on associations, and conclusions about causal effects should be tested using longitudinal designs. Contact and Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics. The contribution of GEI is 37.1%, also well surpassing other variables. Three hundred and forty-three participants grew up in the territory of the former GDR and 682 individuals grew up in the territory of the FRG before 1990. Middle school students from the United States had markedly higher self-esteem scores in the mid-2000s compared with the late 1980s [30]. International surveys of subjective well-being (SWB) show consistent mean level differences across nations (e.g., Inglehart and Klingemann 2000; Veenhoven 1993). Obviously, in the process above, if the correlation coefficient between x If 100% of its people were very happy and extremely satisfied, a country would get the maximum score of 7.5. Understanding Collectivist Cultures: Overview & Examples x Thus, to increase SWB, emphasis on these two culture factors may be desirable. However, recent research shows that the NPI provided a strong match to expert ratings of DSM-IV-TR NPD and grandiose narcissism, compared to other narcissism inventories [16, 17]. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Participants were invited to complete an online study and were given the opportunity to obtain an e-book as an incentive. Cohen BJ, Nestadt G, Samuels JF, Romanoski AJ, McHugh PR, Rabins PV. Those from collectivist cultures tend to emphasize relationships and loyalty more than those from individualistic cultures. (2011), Krasikova et al. 2003), and the individualist-collectivist dummy (Schyns 1998; Lu and . Furthermore, our study sample may represent non-clinical individuals, which may explain why no significant differences were observed in two of the three vulnerable PNI subscales in the middle age cohort. Your morals might be your moods. For this reason we think that language dummies are good instrument variables for culture. Accessibility Back MD, Baumert A, Denissen JJA, Hartung F-M, Penke L, Schmukle SC, et al. For example, people in Singapore may compare more with people in reference countries/regions like Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Korea (as they belong to the four tigers and have similar cultural backgrounds and closer income levels) instead of the neighbouring countries of Malaysia and Indonesia which have different cultures and much lower income levels. So we put forward the following hypothesis: The SWB of a country is negatively related to its level of AOI. individualistic cultures have . a. higher divorce rates than communal 2004).1 As a measurement of culture, the number of dimensions is too small. Individualistic culture increases economic mobility in the - PNAS Expanding the Nomological Net of the Pathological Narcissism Inventory: German Validation and Extension in a Clinical Inpatient Sample, Society and the adolescent self-image (rev. It is common practice, for example, to prepare management development programs to a predetermined style preference suited for individualist or . Individualism-Collectivism and COVID | Applied Social Psychology (ASP) Life satisfaction was assessed by asking respondents to indicate how satisfied they were with their life as a whole, using a scale that ranged from 1 (not at all satisfied) to 10 (very satisfied). However, there are still some inadequacies. Tracy JL, Cheng JT, Robins RW, Trzesniewski KH. may be used to identify how culture variables affect happiness through its effects on the various micro or macro variables. Pincus AL, Ansell EB, Pimentel CA, Cain NM, Wright AG, Levy KN. The addition of country dummy variables increases the R2 enormously to 0.90. 1993; Veenhoven 1993). The corresponding RI results shown in column (3) of Table6 show that, the most importance determinants of SWB in this specification is SCI and ING, with RI values 39.4% and 31.7%, respectively. In contrast to our hypothesis, individuals from former East Germany had higher self-esteem than individuals from former West Germany. According to the comparison theory, comparison of income can predict SWB better than income itself and is negatively related with SWB, but Arrindell et al. First, the data for culture variables and for SWB are from two different surveys. Other culture variables like GEI, INC, HOI are also more important than the traditional variables. The impact of a countrys culture on SWB has been explained through different culture-dependent definitions of achievement. About ScienceDirect This paper mainly uses the former which have the advantages of having more dimensions with more up-to-date data. Inglehart R, Klingemann H-D. Kenny (1999) also finds that the variance in the happiness index of a single country in different periods is far less than the variance in the happiness index of different countries in the same periods. Until 1945, East and West Germany shared central cultural elements, including language, common norms, values, and habits. Narcissism scores are higher in individualistic cultures compared with more collectivistic cultures. Self-esteem also changes with age. 1Arrindell et al. However, the specific ways how PDI may be reduced and GEI increased without significant costs and other undesirable side effects is beyond the scope of this paper. The log of mean value of a nations bordering nations gross domestic product per capita. Although we cannot pinpoint any causal relationships, we believe that our study sheds further light on sociological trends and justifies further investigation into the alleged narcissism epidemic. Diener E. Subjective well-being. Trzesniewski and Donnellan reported that population-based inferences cannot be made from cross-temporal meta-analytic studies that are based on convenience sampling [65]. With the increasing diversity of the workforce in multinational companies, the expanded view of individualism-collectivism offers more options than the bipolar theory of cultural dimensions would. conditionsPrivacy policy. It is possible that child-perceived parental warmth was more prominent in former East Germany compared with former West Germany. use of The Lineage Theory of the Regional Variation of Individualism To deal with the potential endogeneity problem, we further perform GMM regression between SWB and culture variables. The additional contribution of a predictor is measured as the increase in explained variance, or the increase in R2 (the variance accounted for by the model), when the predictor is added to a given subset model. Does a narcissism epidemic exist in modern western societies - PLOS Germany was formerly divided into two different social systems, each with distinct economic, political and national cultures, and was reunified in 1989/90. They tend to belong to fewer groups but are defined more by their membership in them. We cannot conclude that some people feel happier just because he can speak a particular language. It also means that culture is a very important predicting factor of SWB levels across countries. Genes, culture, democracy, and happiness. Happiness, Subjective well-being, Culture, Power distance, Gender egalitarianism, GLOBE. Subjective well-being, referring to how people experience the quality of their lives and it includes both emotional reactions and cognitive judgments, The future orientation index (FOI), uncertainty avoidance index (UAI), institutional collectivism (INC), in-group collectivism (ING), assertiveness (AOI), power distance (PDI), performance (POI), humane (HOI), gender egalitarianism (GEI), GDP in constant 2000 US 100-billion dollars, The condition of a country in protecting individuals civil or political rights, The percentage of the population of each nation living in urban areas. Moreover, the use of narcissistic phrases such as I am the greatest has increased between 1960 and 2008 [4]. We expected that individuals from West Germany would have higher scores for grandiose narcissism and self-esteem compared with individuals from East Germany in this cohort. The definitions and data sources of key variables are detailed in Table2. Recently published books feature more self-centered language compared with earlier publications. No matter which format or wording is used, the findings tend to be similar (Layard 2005). We investigated whether individuals exposed to these two different social systems (with distinct economic, political and national cultures) differed in grandiose and vulnerable narcissism, and self-esteem. (2008) point out that people in countries with individualist cultures have more freedom of choice, which correlates positively with SWB. This suggests that raising gender equality may also be important for SWB. Thus, culture can influence mean levels of SWB (Diener et al. One is the comparison theory, according to which human happiness depends on comparisons between standards of quality of life and perceived life circumstances. Chui A, Kwok C. Cultural practices and life insurance consumption: An international analysis using GLOBE score. Lu L, Gilmour R. Culture and conceptions of happiness: Individual oriented and social oriented SWB. Second, our methods for assessing narcissism and self-esteem were based on self-reports, which have limited value for assessing personality [98]. The German reunification provides an exceptional opportunity to investigate the impact of sociocultural and generational differences on narcissism and self-esteem. There were no significant effects in the youngest age cohort. The confucius connection: From cultural roots to economic growth. The strengths of this study are the large sample size and the combined assessment of grandiose narcissism, vulnerable narcissism, and self-esteem. Secondly, through the decomposition of the relative contribution to R2, we compare the relative importance of different culture factors.We find that, among the nine dimensions in GLOBE culture indices, Power Distance (PDI) and Gender Egalitarianism (GEI) play the most important and stable role in determining SWB. 1 The possible double directions of causality may exist between culture and happiness, which induces the endogeneity problem. Gratification in the future is an important part of peoples overall happiness. In summarizing, the different influences on happiness for East-Asian and Euro-American cultures, Lu et al. Many papers recognize the existence of these country fixed effects, but give no necessary quantitative explanations. Uchida Y, Norasakkunkit V, Kitayama S. Cultural constructions of happiness: Theory and empirical evidence. For example, a culture of individualism prevails in Western countries in Europe and America. This dimension refers to the degree to which a society encourages and rewards individuals for being fair, altruistic, generous, caring and kind to others (Javidan and House 2001). In most cases, the correlation coefficients are less than 0.8. Social psychology: handbook of basic principles, Changes in culture, changes in personality: The influence of individualism in a longitudinal study of women, Thinking through cultures: Expeditions in cultural psychology, Culture's Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values, Individual differences in narcissism: Inflated self-views across the lifespan and around the world, Modernity and narcissistic personality disorder, Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, Self-enhancement and self-protection strategies in China: Cultural expressions of a fundamental human motive. UAI may approximately reflect the effort in the pursuit of the safety need. (1). Bundesamt S. Geburtentrends und Familiensituation in Deutschland Wiesbaden2012. In: Barnett RC, Biener L, Baruch GK, editors. Tang L, Koveos P. A framework to update Hofstedes cultural value indices: Economic dynamics and institutional stability. The rise of narcissism is also reflected in more self-focused song lyrics [5] and a stronger orientation towards fame in TV shows [6]. Between 1949 and 1989/90, West Germany had an individualistic culture, whereas East Germany had a more collectivistic culture. What Is a Collectivist Culture? Individualism vs. Collectivism According to Orth and colleagues, individuals establish their sense of self, including their roles, values, and interests during adolescence and young adulthood [59]. (1993), a rapid rise in income would lead to lower SWB because rapid growth would probably be accompanied by high aspirations, as well as by dislocations such as employment moves and family separation. These results show that these culture variables have strong predictive power of SWB. Lower self-esteem in collectivistic societies may be due to the fact that importance is not focused on the self but rather given to the group. In individualist cultures, more importance is placed on the individual, as the name implies. These observations are in line with previous studies arguing that grandiose (but not necessarily vulnerable) narcissism has increased in Western societies [63]. For example, happier people value life more, and are more willing to maintain the current situation and hence less willing to take risks. This dimension refers to the degree to which individuals are encouraged to be tough and competitive (Javidan and House 2001). Education (EDU) is measured by the enrollment ratio in tertiary education of each nation, which is predicted to be positively related with SWB. Patterns of parental warmth, attachment, and narcissism in young women in United Arab Emirates and the United Kingdom, Individualism-collectivism and personality. These are basically the same as Arrindell et al. See Grmping (2007) for details. We investigated whether grandiose narcissism, vulnerable narcissism, and self-esteem are more or less pronounced in individuals from East and West Germany in the oldest cohort. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Human motivation. These analyses revealed that grandiose narcissism, vulnerable narcissism, and self-esteem were different between age cohorts.
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